The Rest of Freud's Life - How Sigmund Freud Worked

May 04 2017
Why is Sigmund Freud still so important, even though most of this theories were wrong? Learn about Sigmund Freud at .
Sigmund Freud (second right) arrives in Paris after leaving Vienna en route to London, June 1938. He is accompanied by his daughter Anna (left), Marie Bonaparte, the wife of Prince George of Greece (second left), and her son Prince Peter of Greece. Pictorial Parade/Getty Images

Intorno al 1900, Freud pubblicò "L'interpretazione dei sogni". Considerato il suo libro più grande, approfondisce il motivo per cui sogniamo e cosa significano i nostri sogni nella nostra vita psicologica. Il libro ha segnato l'inizio della consapevolezza del pubblico della mente inconscia. Sebbene Freud non abbia escogitato il concetto di mente inconscia, ha stabilito che si poteva accedervi tramite la terapia della parola, piuttosto che solo attraverso l'ipnosi. Questa divenne la base della psicoanalisi, che esploreremo nella prossima pagina.

Nel 1902 fu nominato professore di neuropatia all'Università di Vienna, incarico che mantenne per più di 35 anni. Tenne conferenze sulle sue teorie e iniziò a guadagnare un gruppo di seguaci, fondando l'Associazione Psicoanalitica Internazionale nel 1910, insieme allo psichiatra e psicoanalista svizzero Carl Jung. (Jung in seguito ruppe con Freud dopo essere in disaccordo con alcune delle sue opinioni). Nel 1923, Freud pubblicò "L'Io e l'Es", il suo studio sulla psiche umana, in cui affermava che la maggior parte (se non tutte) le condizioni psicologiche derivavano dal conflitto tra l'Es, l'Io e il Super-Io.

Quando i nazisti iniziarono la loro ascesa al potere, uno dei loro primi atti fu quello di bruciare pubblicamente libri di autori ebrei, incluso Freud. Anche i nazisti non amavano la psicoanalisi.

In 1938, Germany annexed Austria, and the Gestapo briefly arrested the Freuds' daughter, Anna. That same year, Princess Marie Bonaparte — one of Freud's patients — paid a large sum of money to the Nazis to secure exit visas for Freud and his family. Finally allowed to leave Austria, they fled to London [source: Latson].

A year later, Freud died of jaw cancer. A heavy cigarette and cigar smoker, he had been diagnosed with cancer in 1923 and had had more than 30 operations to treat it. His physician, Max Schur, gave him three large doses of morphine near the end of his life to ease his pain. Some claim Schur's act was really physician-assisted suicide; Freud slipped into a coma after receiving the morphine and never awoke [sources: BBC, Klein].

Anna Freud

Anna Freud was Sigmund Freud's youngest child and his favorite daughter. She began reading his work when she was 15 and eventually became a pioneer in the field of child psychoanalysis. Twice during her life her father analyzed her. (Today, that would be totally unethical. Even then, it raised eyebrows.) The main topic of his analysis was Anna's obsessive masturbation and masturbation fantasies, the latter of which were violent. After her second period of analysis by her father, Anna met American Dorothy Burlingham, an heir to the Tiffany fortune. The two became close and Anna subsequently moved in with Burlingham and her three children. The women cohabited for the rest of their lives, and were known to have an intimate, exclusive relationship [source: Coffey].