언어 능력-동사
동사는 행동에 대해 말하는 문장의 단어입니다.
For Example
- 그는 말한다.
- 나는 앉는다.
- 우리는하다.
이 문장에서“말하고, 앉고,하고, 먹고”라는 단어는 사람들이 어떤 행동을하는지 언급합니다. 이들은 우리에게 행동에 대해 말하는 책임의 전부 또는 대부분을 차지하므로 "주동사"라고합니다.
Important
주동 사는 "he, she, it"이라는 대명사의 명사 뒤에 쓸 때 끝에 "s"를 사용합니다.
- 나는 노는 것을 좋아합니다.
- 그는 노는 것을 좋아합니다.
- 나는 축구를 좋아한다.
- Rahul은 축구를 좋아합니다.
- 나는 체리가 싫어.
- 소년은 체리를 싫어합니다.
일반 동사 및 불규칙 동사
일반 동사
유사하게, 주동 사는 동사 뒤에 "ed"를 사용하여 현재 형태에서 과거 형태로도 변경됩니다. 이러한 동사를 "일반 동사"라고합니다.
For Example
- 사용-사용
- 전화-전화
- 토양-더러워진
중대한
'y'로 끝나는 일반 동사가 과거 형태로 변경되면 y를 'ied'로 바꿉니다.
For Example
- 울다-울다
- 시도-시도
- 건조-건조
불규칙 동사
많은 동사는 과거 형태로 변경할 때 '-ed'또는 '-ied'규칙을 따르지 않습니다. 이것을 불규칙 동사라고합니다. 다음은 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 불규칙 동사 목록입니다.
불규칙 동사 (현재 형태) | 불규칙 동사 (과거형) | 불규칙 동사 (“have, has, had) |
---|---|---|
깨다 | 깨어 | 깨어나 다 |
있다 | 이었다 | 되었습니다 |
박자 | 박자 | 밟아 다진 |
지다 | 되었다 | 지다 |
시작하다 | 시작 | 시작 |
굽히다 | 굽은 | 굽은 |
내기 | 내기 | 내기 |
매기다 | 매기다 | 매기다 |
물다 | 비트 | 물린 |
타격 | 불었다 | 부푼 |
단절 | 파산 | 부서진 |
가져오다 | 가져왔다 | 가져왔다 |
방송 | 방송 | 방송 |
짓다 | 세워짐 | 세워짐 |
타다 | 타거나 타다 | 타거나 타다 |
구입 | 샀다 | 샀다 |
잡기 | 잡힌 | 잡힌 |
고르다 | 선택 | 선택 |
왔다 | 왔다 | 왔다 |
비용 | 비용 | 비용 |
절단 | 절단 | 절단 |
파기 | 젖퉁이 | 젖퉁이 |
하다 | 했다 | 끝난 |
무승부 | 끌었다 | 그어진 |
꿈 | 꿈꾸거나 꿈꾸던 | 꿈꾸거나 꿈꾸던 |
드라이브 | 운전했다 | 중심의 |
음주 | 마셨다 | 취한 |
먹다 | 먹었다 | 먹다 |
가을 | 되다 | 타락한 |
느낌 | 느꼈다 | 느꼈다 |
싸움 | 싸웠다 | 싸웠다 |
찾기 | 녹이다 | 녹이다 |
파리 | 날아 갔다 | 비행 |
잊다 | 잊었다 | 잊혀진 |
용서하다 | 용서하다 | 용서받은 |
얼다 | 얼다 | 겨울 왕국 |
가져 오기 | 얻었다 | 얻었다 (때로는 얻음) |
주기 | 준 | 주어진 |
가다 | 갔다 | 지나간 |
자라다 | 성장 | 성장 |
매달다 | 매달린 | 매달린 |
있다 | 했다 | 했다 |
듣다 | 들었다 | 들었다 |
숨는 장소 | 숨겼다 | 숨겨진 |
히트 | 히트 | 히트 |
보류 | 개최 | 개최 |
상처 | 상처 | 상처 |
유지 | 유지 | 유지 |
알고있다 | 알고 있었다 | 모두 다 아는 |
위치 | 누워 | 누워 |
리드 | 주도 | 주도 |
배우다 | 배웠거나 배운 | 배웠거나 배운 |
떠나다 | 왼쪽 | 왼쪽 |
빌려주 다 | 사순절 | 사순절 |
허락하다 | 허락하다 | 허락하다 |
거짓말 | 위치 | 눕다 |
잃다 | 잃어버린 | 잃어버린 |
하다 | 만든 | 만든 |
평균 | 의미 | 의미 |
만나다 | 만났다 | 만났다 |
지불 | 유료 | 유료 |
놓다 | 놓다 | 놓다 |
읽다 | 읽다 | 읽다 |
타기 | 탔다 | 시달린 |
반지 | 울렸다 | 가로장 |
오르기 | 장미 | 상승 |
운영 | 달렸다 | run |
say | said | said |
see | saw | seen |
sell | sold | sold |
send | sent | sent |
show | showed | showed or shown |
shut | shut | shut |
sing | sang | sung |
sit | sat | sat |
sleep | slept | slept |
speak | spoke | spoken |
spend | spent | spent |
stand | stood | stood |
swim | swam | swum |
take | took | taken |
teach | taught | taught |
tear | tore | torn |
tell | told | told |
think | thought | thought |
throw | threw | thrown |
understand | understood | understood |
wake | woke | woken |
wear | wore | worn |
win | won | won |
write | wrote | written |
Auxiliary Verbs (Be-form)
Verbs are also those actions that include a state of being, mood, existence and status. Let us discuss these cases in the following examples −
- I am in a train.
- He is busy.
- They are late.
In these sentences, the action of being in a train, being busy and being late are explained using words like “is, am, and are” respectively. These verbs are called supporting verbs.
Important
“Am, is, are, was, were” are collectively called the “Be-form” auxiliary verbs. When an action happens on a regular basis, we use the be-forms — “am, is, are”. When an action happened in the past, we use the be-forms — “was, were”.
List of auxiliary verbs and usage
Am − used with ‘I’ (when talking of a regular action)
Is − used with ‘he, she, it’ (when talking of a regular action)
Are − used with ‘you, we, they’ (when talking of a regular action)
Was − used with ‘he, she, it’ (when talking of past action)
Were − used with ‘we, you, they’ (when talking of past action)
Subject vs. Object
There are two ways in which nouns are used in sentences. The ones who are doing the action are the most important and powerful ones, according to grammatical structure, and they are called “subjects”.
For Example
- I run.
- He sits.
- They talk.
Here, ‘I, he, they’ are responsible for the actions happening, hence we call them subjects.
The nouns that are not responsible for the action but simply participate in that are “objects”. They are normally used by the subjects to carry out an action.
For Example
- I talk to Sriya.
- He knows Richa.
- She doesn’t want to see Raghav.
In these sentences, “Sriya, Richa, Raghav” are not responsible for the action of talking, knowing or not wanting to see, but they are being used by the subjects to do these actions.
Every subject can also be used as objects in other sentences. So let’s discuss the object form of these subjects −
Subject FormObject Form
IMe
WeUs
YouYou
HeHim
SheHer
ItIt
TheyThem
Sentence1 − I told her to go
Sentence2 − She told me to keep quiet.
If we add these two sentences using the word ‘but’, we can find out that in the first sentence, ‘I’ was the subject, but it became an object in the second case. The opposite happened with ‘her’ which was an object but became a subject in the second sentence ‘she’. For example, I told her to go but she told me to keep quiet.
The Two Kinds of Verbs
Transitive verbs − These verbs need an object to carry on an action.
For Example
- She talked to me.
- I met him.
- She taught them.
In these three sentences, “me, him, them” were used to carry out the action as the actions “talked, met, taught” are impossible to do alone, without involving someone else.
Intransitive verbs − These verbs don’t need an object to carry an action.
For Example
- Vina wept.
- Zina cried.
- The cat ran.
In these sentences, the actions “wept, cried, ran” don’t need the presence of any other person to be carried out, hence they are intransitive verbs.
Important
Many people are often confused with the usage of the following pair of words −
- Lay/Lie
- Raise/Rise
Lay vs. Lie:
Lay − This means to place something and is most often used in the context of spreading something on a surface. ‘Lay’ becomes ‘laid’ in the past and remains ‘laid’ when used with “had, has, have”.
For Example
- I lay this carpet on the floor before I sleep.
- I laid this carpet before some time.
- I have laid this carpet in this place for many months.
Lie − This means to recline and is usually used in the context of sleeping or resting. This also means giving a false statement. The word ‘lie’, when used as resting/sleeping, becomes ‘lay’ in past and becomes ‘lain’ when used with “had, has, have”.
For Example
- I lie on this bed after work.
- I lay on this bed yesterday.
- I have lain on this bed for many months now.
The word ‘lie’, when used as a false statement, becomes ‘lied’ in the past. It remains ‘lied’ when used with “has, have, had”.
For Example
- He lies a lot.
- He lied a lot earlier.
- He has lied to me a lot.
Raise vs. Rise:
Rise − Rise means to get up on your own. Its past tense is “rose” and becomes “risen” when used with “have, has, had”.
For Example
- I rise at 4 every morning.
- He rose early today.
- He has risen already.
Raise − Raise means to lift something up using someone else’s strength. It is used as “raised” in past and also with “has, have, had”.
For Example
- I raised the ball from the floor.
- He raised the bar very high.
- They have raised this question many times already.