On Dec. 22, 1849, a 28-year-old Fyodor Dostoevsky was marched from a dank St. Petersburg jail into the bitter cold and placed before a firing squad. In a minute, Dostoevsky thought, he would be dead. He had published two novels — the first a success, the next a flop — but there was so much more he wanted to say and do.
Когда палачи подняли свои винтовки, подъехали лошадь и телега, размахивая белым флагом. По сообщению посыльного, царь Николай пощадил жизнь Достоевского и его соратников-радикалов. Вместо этого они проведут следующие четыре года в сибирском каторжном лагере, аду сущем вместо внезапной смерти.
Достоевский вернулся из Сибири другим человеком. Он столкнулся лицом к лицу со своей собственной смертностью и увидел глубину жестокости, которую человек может причинить и вынести. Но, в отличие от некоторых своих современников, он не потерял веры. На самом деле его вера в Бога и искупительную силу любви никогда не была сильнее.
«Наше представление о Достоевском как о хмуром, болезненном русском писателе тяжелых романов затемняет более тонкую картину реального человека», — говорит Алекс Кристофи, автор книги « Достоевский в любви: интимная жизнь », литературной биографии русского писателя.
Да, Достоевский страдал от калечащих эпилептических припадков и боролся с зависимостью от азартных игр, но он также был преданным семьянином, который нашел любовь всей своей жизни со своей второй женой и близким соратником Анной. Некоторые из его самых известных работ включают «Братья Карамазовы», «Записки из подполья» и «Преступление и наказание», книги, сформировавшие экзистенциализм и даже психологию.
Познакомимся с настоящим Достоевским через пять показательных цитат из его жизни и литературы:
1. «Литература есть картина, или, вернее, в известном смысле и картина, и зеркало».
В 1846 году Достоевский написал другу, ликуя по поводу успеха своей самой первой книги «Бедные люди », из которой взята приведенная выше цитата. Книга была только что опубликована и получила восторженные отзывы и прибыльные продажи. «Если бы я стал рассказывать вам обо всех своих успехах, у меня кончилась бы бумага», — писал он.
«За одну ночь он стал литературной сенсацией, — говорит Кристофи.
Dostoevsky's life to that point hadn't been easy. He grew up in Moscow, spending most of his childhood at a hospital for the poor where his father was a doctor. At school, he got lost in daydreams and was bullied by more aristocratic classmates. Dostoevsky's mother died of tuberculosis when he was 15, and his father was murdered two years later.
Orphaned, Dostoevsky managed to graduate from a military academy and become an army engineer ("not a very good one," says Christofi), but what he really wanted to do is write like his literary hero Nikolai Gogol. So, he wrote a manuscript of what would become "Poor Folk," and a friend got it into the hands of a big-name literary critic, Vissarion Belinsky, who thought it was a work of genius.
После успеха своего первого романа Достоевский ненадолго был принят русскими литераторами и оставил свою инженерную работу в армии. Но когда его последующий роман провалился, его новые литературные «друзья» отвернулись от него, высмеивая его странные манеры и манеру говорить. Достоевский всегда был маленьким, бледным и физически слабым, а первые симптомы эпилепсии появились у него в подростковом возрасте.
«Вскоре Достоевский попал в гораздо более опасную революционную группу писателей, у которых был салон, где они обсуждали идеи, бросавшие вызов царю, что было огромным табу», — говорит Христофи. Тут-то и начались настоящие беды Достоевского.
Full quote: "Literature is a picture, or rather in a certain sense both a picture and a mirror; it is an expression of emotion, a subtle form of criticism, a didactic lesson and a document." "Poor Folk" (1846)
2. "A murder by sentence is far more dreadful than a murder committed by a criminal."
The above line comes from "The Idiot," a novel published decades after Dostoevsky's near execution and four-year ordeal in Siberia, but it reflects how his life was forever impacted by his arrest and imprisonment.
Dostoevsky and his circle of dissident thinkers were ratted out by an undercover officer of the czar's secret police. Found guilty of trumped up "conspiracy" charges — Czar Nicholas feared a coup like the failed 1825 Decembrist Revolt — Dostoevsky and his friends were sentenced to death by firing squad.
The last-minute reprieve was later revealed to be part of a choreographed "mock execution" meant to inflict psychological torture on the prisoners and evoke a misplaced sense of gratitude for the "mercy" of the czar.
While we can't know Dostoevsky's exact thoughts upon facing the firing squad, a character in "The Idiot" witnesses an execution by guillotine and puts himself in the place of the condemned man, saying, "[T]he strongest pain may not be in the wounds but in knowing for certain that in an hour, then in ten minutes, then in half a minute, then now, this second — your soul will fly out of your body and you'll no longer be a man."
Dostoevsky's four years in a Siberian prison were unspeakably gruesome. He was housed with the most dangerous criminals, and his hands were shackled 24/7. Conditions in the squalid, overcrowded cells were absolutely hellish, compounded for Dostoevsky by a prohibition against books.
«Однако у него был с собой Новый Завет, — говорит Кристофи. «И тюрьма была временем, когда Достоевский очень глубоко задумался о своей духовности как православного христианина. Это тема, которую вы видите в большинстве его произведений, постсибирских, включая его величайшие романы».
Бонусная цитата: «Человек — существо, которое может привыкнуть ко всему, и я думаю, что это лучшее его определение». «Мертвый дом» (1861 г.)
3. «Я скорее останусь со Христом, чем с истиной».
К тому времени, когда Достоевский был освобожден из тюрьмы в 1854 году, некоторые «радикальные» идеи, которые так угрожали царю, теперь стали обычным делом среди молодых европейских интеллектуалов и писателей.
"The fashionable thing at the time was atheism, and new political movements like socialism and utilitarianism, which rejected religion," says Christofi. "Against that backdrop, Dostoevsky was quite unusual in his staunch defense of Christian faith." In a letter he wrote from prison, he said that "if someone proved to me that Christ is outside the truth," he'd prefer to remain with Christ than with the truth.
From his lifelong contact with the poor, Dostoevsky was sympathetic to the utopian movements that aimed to create a more egalitarian society, but he feared what would happen when God was unthroned and man was elevated in his place. Keep in mind that this was a half-century before the Bolshevik Revolution and the rise of a totalitarian communist regime that imprisoned and killed tens of millions under Stalin.
"Dostoevsky felt very strongly that a socialism based in atheism would end in violence," says Christofi. "In that, I think he was very prophetic."
Bonus quote: "lf there's no God and no life beyond the grave, doesn't that mean that men will be allowed to do whatever they want?" "The Brothers Karamazov" (1879)
4. "I admit that twice two makes four is an excellent thing, but if we are to give everything its due, twice two makes five is sometimes a very charming thing, too."
This quote is pulled from "Notes From Underground" (1864), Dostoevsky's response to a wildly popular philosophical novel from another Russian writer, Nikolai Chernyshevsky, called "What Is To Be Done?"
Chernyshevsky isn't a household name today, but back in the 1860s he influenced budding socialists, utilitarians and future communists with his utopian ideas. According to Chernyshevsky, human behavior is bound by the same rational, scientific laws as the rest of the universe.
"If we all just pursue our rational self-interest, then the world will become a wonderful place and we can do away with irrational concepts like God," says Christofi. "But all of this is based on the idea that human beings are these clockwork creatures who will only ever do the thing that is most rational."
In Dostoevsky's experience, that wasn't how people worked at all. As the quote above demonstrates, sometimes we can't resist saying that two and two is five, just to prove that we can.
"Sometimes people will do something perverse, even if it's just to prove that they're free," says Christofi.
Dostoevsky himself didn't always act in his rational self-interest. He was a gambler, for example. Today, we'd say that he had a gambling addiction, but Dostoevsky only knew that he couldn't pass up a game of roulette. Whether he was flush with cash or deep in debt, he gambled, and he lost far more than he won. There was nothing rational about such self-destructive behavior.
The anonymous main character in "Notes from Underground" was a mess of contradictions, a "free" human who could barely function in society. If left to follow his "rational self-interest," the result would be chaos, not utopia. Dostoevsky continued the theme in "Crime and Punishment," the first of his great novels, in which a man's cruelly rational plans to murder an old woman for money go terribly wrong.
Bonus quote: "There exists no greater or more painful anxiety for a man who has freed himself from all religious bias, than how he shall soonest find a new object or idea to worship." "The Brothers Karamazov" (1879)
5. "What is hell? I maintain that it is the suffering of being unable to love."
This quote comes from Dostoevky's last and greatest novel "The Brothers Karamazov." "We have this image of Dostoevsky as this prolific writer who's constantly scribbling at his desk or arguing with his contemporaries, but he actually devoted much of his life to finding a partner with whom he could start a family," says Christofi.
Dostoevsky first married a widow named Maria in 1857, but the two soon realized they were incompatible and miserable together. Maria died in 1864, the same year that Dostoevsky lost his brother, Mikhail, and Dostoevsky found himself financially responsible for Maria's son and Mikhail's family.
Desperate to relieve himself of his and Mikhail's debts, Dostoevsky signed a contract to deliver a short new novel in one year, but he spent 11 months working on "Crime and Punishment" instead. With only one month left, he sought a stenographer to take notes in shorthand while he quickly dictated the novel.
The woman he hired, 20-year-old Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina, would not only become his close literary collaborator and business partner, but also the love of his life. Anna and Fyodor married in 1867 and had four children, only two of whom survived to adulthood.
"Having seen everything that he went through — the mock execution, the prison in Siberia, his gambling addiction — it does feel very rewarding to see him finally find love," says Christofi.
With Anna at his side (and looking after his finances), Dostoevsky published "The Brothers Karamazov" in 1879. The sweeping epic was a monumental commercial success.
"'The Brothers Karamazov' was a huge sensation at the time," says Christofi. "It made him one of the most famous and revered writers in Russia. When Dostoevsky died in 1881 [from epilepsy], there was a street procession of tens of thousands of people for his funeral in St. Petersburg. Passers-by asked if they were burying the czar."
Bonus quote: "Beauty will save the world." "The Idiot" (1869)
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Now That's Cool
When Dostoevsky risked gambling all of their earnings away, Anna took over the business side of writing and built Dostoevsky into a national "brand," turning her husband into Russia's first self-published author.
