2007년 9월 16일, 우박으로 인해 17 명의 이라크 시민이 사망하고 24명이 부상당했을 때 Blackwater USA(현재 Blackwater Worldwide)는 언론의 화두가 되었습니다. "용병"이라는 단어도 마찬가지였습니다. 사실, 같은 해 10월에 독립적인 유엔 인권 전문가 패널은 미국이 이라크와 아프가니스탄 에서 "새로운 종류의 용병"을 사용하고 있다고 비난하는 보고서를 발표했습니다 . 보고서에 따르면 바그다드에서 총격을 가한 블랙워터 직원들은 한 국가의 신병이 다른 국가에서 군 업무를 수행하기 위해 고용되는 세계적인 추세를 대표한다고 보고서는 전했다.
Getty Images
일리노이주 블랙워터 훈련 시설 입구를 알리는 표지판. 민간 군사 계약자는 이라크에서 거대한 존재를 가지고 있습니다.
어떤 사람들은 이러한 종류의 용병 활동이 전혀 새로운 이유가 무엇인지 묻습니다. 결국, 용병들은 페르시아 왕자이자 장군인 키루스 영게르(Cyrus Younger)가 그의 형제 아르사케스에게서 페르시아의 왕좌를 빼앗기 위해 대규모 그리스 용병 군대인 만 명을 고용한 이래로 전쟁의 일부였습니다. Cyrus Younger와 많은 그리스 군인들을 죽게 한 그 운명적인 전투는 약 2,400년 전인 기원전 401년에 일어났습니다.
기원전 401년의 전쟁 스타일은 확실히 많이 달랐습니다. 전투원은 호플리테스( hoplites ), 즉 창과 방패로 싸우는 병사였으며 종종 팔랑크스(phalanx) 대형을 형성했습니다. 하지만 용병을 고용하는 관행은 얼마나 달랐습니까? 고대 용병들은 정말 달랐을까? 당시에는 지금처럼 부정적으로 인식되었습니까? 용병의 사용이 다른 군사 동향과 전략에 자리를 내주었다가 최근에야 부활했습니까? 아니면 흔히 말하는 행운의 군인들이 주요 정치적 갈등의 영원한 고정물이 되었습니까?
이 기사에서는 이러한 질문 등을 다룰 것입니다. 특히, 용병 군대가 전쟁 중인 국가에 매력적인 대안인 이유와 용병 사용을 둘러싼 위험과 논란을 조사할 것입니다. 우리의 첫 번째 단계는 "용병"이라는 단어의 의미를 명확히 하는 것입니다. 다음 섹션에서 살펴보겠지만, 용병에 대한 군사적 정의는 정확하며 전문 군인이 되기로 결정한 사람들에게 심각한 의미가 있습니다.
- 용병의 의미
- 왜 용병을 사용합니까?
- 현대 용병: 민간 군사 회사
- 용병의 삶: 프랑스 외인군단의 병사
- 용병의 삶: PMC 사설 보안업체
- 용병 사용의 위험
용병의 의미
|
이름 부르기
용병은 수년 동안 많은 이름으로 불려 왔습니다. 대부분의 구어체는 전문 군인에 대한 대중의 낮은 평가를 반영합니다.
|
"용병"이라는 단어는 "임금" 또는 "수수료"를 의미하는 라틴어 "merces"에서 유래했습니다. 따라서 문자 그대로 용병은 단순히 임금을 위해 봉사하는 모든 사람입니다. 이 정의는 직장에 있는 우리 중 많은 사람에게 적용될 수 있지만 가장 밀접하게 관련되어 있는 직업 군인 , 또는 분쟁에서 싸우기 위해 정치 단체에 고용된 사람입니다. 그 갈등은 전쟁, 쿠데타 시도 또는 불법 마약 거래를 줄이기 위한 금지 캠페인이 될 수 있습니다.
역사적으로 용병은 일반적으로 외국 군대에서 복무하기 위해 고용된 군인이었습니다. 예를 들어, 독립 전쟁 에서 영국 은 미국 식민지 개척자들 과 싸우기 위해 독일 용병을 고용 했습니다 . 마찬가지로, 조지 워싱턴의 지휘 하에 대륙군도 용병을 고용했습니다. 이 병사들은 식민지 민병대와 정규군의 일원과 함께 싸웠다. 아래 차트는 이 세 가지 유형의 군대를 비교합니다.| 용병 |
시민군 | 정규군 |
||
| 정의 | 국가 또는 국가에서 고용한 전문 군인 그룹 |
민간인으로 구성된 군대 |
평시에도 여전한 나라 군대의 위력 |
|
| 시민권 |
그들이 봉사하는 국가의 시민이 아닙니다. | 그들이 봉사하는 국가의 시민 | 그들이 봉사하는 국가의 시민 |
|
| 거주 |
|
그들이 봉사하는 국가의 거주자 | 그들이 봉사하는 국가의 거주자 |
|
| 지불 |
일반적으로 일반 군대보다 더 많은 서비스에 대한 지불 | 서비스 비용을 지불하지 않음 | 유료 서비스 | |
| 정치적 충성 |
그들이 싸우는 국가에 대한 충성심 없음 |
|
그들이 싸우는 국가에 대한 강한 충성 | |
| 영구적인 힘 |
아니요 |
아니요 |
예 |
19세기에 이르러 전쟁과 그에 따른 용병이 변하고 있었습니다. 예를 들어, 프랑스 외국 군단 은 1830년 7월 혁명 이후 프랑스로 유입된 유럽 난민을 흡수하기 위해 1831년에 결성되었습니다 . 이 외국 태생 군인은 프랑스 정규군의 한 분과 로서 군단병 으로서 싸웠습니다 . 따라서 가장 엄밀한 의미에서 그들은 외국 군대에서 복무하기 위해 고용되었기 때문에 용병이었습니다. 그러나 그들은 5년 계약을 해야 했으며 3년 복무 후에 프랑스 국적을 요청할 수 있었습니다.
Clearly, the division between mercenary and non-mercenary soldiers was getting fuzzy. The four Geneva Conventions had to account for these nuances as they tried to formalize rules regarding how combatants and noncombatants would be treated during wartime. According to the Geneva Conventions, a lawful combatant is a soldier who belongs to the armed forces of a state. Lawful combatants can legally participate in hostilities with an enemy of the state and must be granted prisoner-of-war status if captured. Notice that members of the French Foreign Legion are lawful combatants by this interpretation.
One of three amendments ot the Geneva Conventions, the first Protocol of 1977 clearly defines all of the criteria that a soldier must meet to be considered a mercenary. A mercenary is a person who:
- Is specially recruited to take part in a conflict, but isn't a member of the armed forces of the state that recruited him
- Actively engages in hostilities
- Is motivated by private gain and is paid substantially more than the ordinary armed forces of the state
- Isn't a national of the states involved in the conflict
- Doesn't reside in a territory controlled by the states involved in the conflict
As such, a mercenary isn't a lawful combatant and enjoys no protection under the Geneva Conventions. He can be executed or charged with murder if he kills either a combatant or a noncombatant.
In 1989, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution that outlawed the use of mercenaries. However, only 30 countries have ratified the resolution to date. Many countries, including the United States and Iraq , have not signed the accord, mainly because mercenaries, while discouraged by international law, offer several advantages that make them attractive to countries at war. In the next section, we'll find out what those advantages are.
Why are mercenaries used?
The reasons for using mercenaries have changed over the years. In ancient times, mercenaries were a necessity. Standing armies weren't available, so rulers had to look elsewhere for soldiers after they exhausted their supply of able-bodied citizens available to fight.
For example, the Hundred Years' War , which lasted from 1337 to 1453, took its toll on the English and French armies. As the prolonged war grew in dimension, so did the number of mercenaries. Edward of Woodstock, also known as the Black Prince, made good use of mercenaries to carry out a method of warfare known as chevauchée. In chevauchée, small groups of mounted soldiers stormed through a territory, burning and pillaging everything in their path. Chevauchée was very effective, and it made being a mercenary a lucrative profession. Soldiers from all over Europe flocked to France to get their share of the loot, which included both salary and whatever they could plunder.
게티 이미지
저 파이크 보이세요? Swiss Guards는 사용 방법을 알고 있습니다.
백년전쟁이 끝나자 용병 수요가 사라졌다. 일부는 프랑스에 남아 그곳에서 계속해서 혼란을 일으켰습니다. 다른 사람들은 다양한 왕자와 공작에게 자신의 서비스를 판매 한 자유 회사 , 프리랜서 군인 의 일부가되었습니다 . 자유 회사는 종종 특정 형태의 전투나 특정 무기를 전문으로 합니다. 병사를 추가로 고용하는 것이 아니라 특정 기술을 보유한 병사를 고용하는 것이 가능해졌습니다.
Two mercenary armies amplified this trend in the 15th and 16th centuries. The first was the Swiss Guard, whose soldiers became so skilled with close-combat weapons, especially the spearlike pike, that warlords all over Europe began recruiting them for battle. The German Landsknechte also used the pike as their primary weapon, but they weren't one-dimensional. Other soldiers supported the pikemen with swords. And the Landsknechte were much more likely to use firearms, such as the arquebus, a musketlike weapon. These characteristics made the Landsknechte the dominant mercenary force until the development of political standing armies in the mid-17th century.
German mercenaries upheld their reputation as skilled warriors into the 18th century. Many came to America during the Revolutionary War to support the British, who simply didn't have enough troops. In fact, most of the soldiers the Americans fought weren't British; they were German.
In World War II, the German army took advantage of foreign-born soldiers. Known as freiwillige, or volunteers, these fighting men came largely from German-occupied countries to fight for the Third Reich. Technically, the freiwillige weren't mercenaries because, as volunteers, they were treated the same as other German soldiers. Their use, however, illustrates another reason why mercenaries were popular: By cultivating recruits internationally, a nation could capitalize quickly on all available manpower to build an even larger fighting force.
After World War II , the use of mercenaries declined. Many went to work in Third World countries, especially in Africa , where they were hired both by government and antigovernment groups. Mercenaries, especially those from Europe, participated in various postcolonial wars across the African continent -- in Congo, Angola and Sierra Leone. They were hired to train soldiers, to advise military leaders and to actively engage rebel forces. Many prominent mercenaries were captured and either executed or imprisoned during this time.
As a result of the conflict in Africa and the unsavory mercenary activity it inspired, the international community strongly discouraged the use of mercenaries. Countries continued to hire foreign soldiers, but they exerted much more control. They also limited the activities of these soldiers to supporting roles only, freeing the regular army to focus on dangerous or mission-critical activities. Today, several companies exist to provide this new breed of mercenary. They are known as private military companies, or PMCs. On the next page, we'll examine PMCs more closely.
The Modern Mercenary: Private Military Companies
After the Cold War , the world's standing armies began to get smaller. Meanwhile, the nature of warfare was changing. Low-intensity conflict began to replace large-scale wars. In such a conflict, armed force is just one small part of an expansive menu of social, economic and political tools available to engage an enemy.
Accompanying this trend was a dramatic increase in the use of advanced weapon systems. Maintaining these systems became a serious challenge. Soldiers spent more time monitoring weapons and learning how to operate them. With resources already stretched thin, armies were having trouble keeping up. They started looking to private contractors, or private military companies (PMCs), to fill the gaps.
The number of PMCs mushroomed in the 1990s. Generally, they didn't provide combat soldiers but rather civilian contractors to perform any number of noncombat duties, from monitoring advanced weapon systems to rendering technical assistance and logistical support. A few, however, engaged in combat.
The company Sandline International made headlines in 1997 when it sent troops to fight against rebel forces on the island of Bougainville in the South Pacific. And Executive Outcomes led a coup attempt in 2004 to overthrow the government of Equatorial Guinea. Simon Mann, an ex-officer of the British army, ran both of these companies. The media and the international community condemned Mann and his soldiers as mercenaries, and when Mann was captured and arrested in March 2004, both companies folded.
Getty Images
Simon Mann (left, in handcuffs), the leader of the group of 70 mercenaries arrested in Zimbabwe on charges of trying to topple the president of Equatorial Guinea
|
The ABCs of PMCs
The market for private security forces is enormous, so it's no surprise that many different companies have emerged to capitalize on the billions of available dollars. The following is a partial list of PMCs that have existed or currently exist:
|
The private military company wasn't dead, however. If anything, the conflict in Iraq led to an unprecedented proliferation of PMCs and nonmilitary contractors. Today, contractors make up a second, private army that's larger than the entire U.S. military force. The exact number is debatable, but some estimates suggest that more than 180,000 individual contractors of many nationalities work for the U.S. government in Iraq, doing an assortment of jobs that the U.S. has paid more than $100 billion for [source: Risen].
Blackwater Worldwide is probably the most visible PMC operating in Iraq. Headquartered in North Carolina , Blackwater provides most of the security for U.S. embassy personnel in Iraq. Although the security guards are armed, they don't execute offensive operations. In fact, their rules of engagement are very clear: They can use proportionate force only when attacked. But the lines can get blurred easily, as evidenced by the September 2007 shootings involving Blackwater guards. The incident, which Blackwater says was prompted by military aggression against their ranks, left 17 Iraqi civilians dead and 24 wounded. No soldiers were among the casualties. An investigation into the incident revealed that 14 of the shootings were unjustified and broke deadly force rules in effect for security contractors [source: Johnston and Broder].
In light of such events, it's easy to see why many critics would describe private military contractors as mercenaries. And yet a majority of contractors working in Iraq rarely, if ever, engage in any sort of armed combat. So what do they do with their time? That's the topic of the next section.
Life of a Mercenary: Soldier in the French Foreign Legion
There's a popular notion that mercenaries participate in grand adventures all over the world and get paid handsomely to do it. And yet being a professional soldier, like any career, has its positives and negatives. To understand what it's like to be a modern mercenary, we need to consider the two different kinds: the soldier and the contractor. A member of the French Foreign Legion should serve as a good example of the former; a security contractor of a private military company, such as Blackwater Worldwide, should serve as an example of the latter. Let's start with life as a Legionnaire.
In its early days, the French Foreign Legion tended to recruit down-and-out individuals. Many existed on the fringes of society or were criminals who saw the Legion as a last resort. Today, this can still apply to some recruits, but the majority are upstanding citizens. Some have even served as soldiers in traditional armies.
Getty Images
Are you a Francophile with a dodgy past? Why not join the French Foreign Legion?
There are no recruiting offices located outside of France, so interested citizens from other countries must to travel to one of several Legion information centers in mainland France. They make this trip at their own risk, because there are no guarantees that the Legion will accept them. You might think this would discourage foreign-born volunteers, but it doesn't. The approximately 8,000 Legionnaires hail from 136 countries, including France itself [source: French Foreign Legion].
After receiving some basic information, all recruits report to a Legion recruitment center for preselection. The preselection process includes an initial medical checkup and a "confirmation of motivation" to ensure recruits are serious about joining. Recruits who are preselected proceed to Aubagne, France, for formal selection. In Aubagne, recruits receive a more thorough medical examination and additional motivation questions. They must also complete a series of logic, sports and personality tests to determine their strengths and skills. Those who are selected must sign a five-year contract of service.
Basic training lasts 15 weeks and takes place in Castelnaudary, a country town located in southern France. Training is meant to introduce new Legionnaires to military life, to their comrades and to the French language. At the end of basic training, Legionnaires receive their képi blanc, the traditional white-peaked hat of the Legion, as well as their assignments.
After basic training, new soldiers split off into 11 regiments. These regiments are located throughout France and in other countries, such as Afghanistan , Chad and the Ivory Coast . Legionnaires may work side by side with regular French military forces, with French police and with soldiers of other nations. For example, they were deployed with U.S. military forces in Somalia in 1992 and have been part of peacekeeping missions in Kosovo, Rwanda , Cambodia and Afghanistan.
Getty Images
Soldiers from the French Foreign Legion were part of a 2002 peacekeeping mission in Kabul, Afghanistan. These soldiers are clearing a village of explosives.
Legionnaires train with the standard weapons and equipment of the French infantry, including grenades, 9 mm automatic pistols and rocket launchers. The primary weapon is the Famas automatic assault rifle. Legionnaires have carried this weapon into numerous battles over the years, and many have died in combat. Since 1831, more than 35,000 Legionnaires have been killed in battle or during service to the organization [source: Moore ].
That's a glimpse inside the life of a more traditional mercenary. Now let's find out what life is like working for a private military company.
Life of a Mercenary: Private Security Contractor for a PMC
Private security contractors are employees of a corporation, but they're similar to mercenary soldiers in many respects. For example, private military companies find their employees all over the world, from Russia and Europe to Africa , the Americas and Asia . At Blackwater Worldwide, a PMC based in the United States , some positions are available only to U.S. citizens. Others are open to anyone.
Most contractors have already had another career, either in the military or in law enforcement. British PMCs often hire ex-members of the Special Air Services, or SAS, a special-forces regiment within the British army. It's not unusual to find contractors who were honorably discharged from the service or who have several medals for heroism. Former military personnel and ex-policemen are especially well suited to serve as security guards.
To be considered for a position, a candidate must complete an online application or send a résumé to a company's corporate office. Former military personnel may have to submit a Form DD-214, Report of Separation. This form contains information that will verify a person's military service.
Security contractors may be deployed anywhere in the world and may be used by military forces, government agencies or corporations. Here are some possible assignments:
- Training and protecting guards in the Democratic Republic of Congo in an effort to stop poachers who threaten endangered animals, such as the black rhino
- Providing site security, security force training and security planning for global corporations, such as BP, Exxon and DeBeers
- Guarding high-ranking civil servants or other political dignitaries, such as the U.S. ambassador to Iraq or the U.S. secretary of state
- Protecting Iraq's oil installations
- Conducting counter-drug operations in Columbia
Contractors are paid well in these assignments. Individual contractors on the ground typically earn about $600 to $700 a day. Some can earn $1,000 a day, depending on qualifications and experience. However, most contractors don't receive any benefits. That means part of their salary must cover federal taxes, including Social Security matching, as well as health care and retirement payments. After these deductions, a contractor's take-home pay may be comparable to someone serving in the military.
Getty Images
These security contractors are assigned to protect an oil exploration site in Uganda. Africa has long been a place where guns for hire have found work.
Of course, security contractors don't always face the same level of danger as regular army soldiers. That's because they don't conduct offensive missions. Their role is to provide protection and defensive security, and in fulfilling that role, they must abide by rules for the use of force. According to these rules, contractors can defend themselves, the person or asset they've been contracted to protect and any civilians under imminent threat. Even taking a defensive position, contractors can -- and often do -- find themselves in a firefight. Those that fire on civilians or engage troops in an offensive manner face serious repercussions. In fact, contractors who accompany an armed force in the field are subject to all provisions of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, or UCMJ. The UCMJ forms the foundation of U.S. military law and precisely spells out all of the offenses that can result in punishment by court-martial.
Risks of Using Mercenaries
Mercenaries can give an army a huge advantage, but they can also be a liability. When contemplating whether to use mercenaries, leaders must consider a full range of economic, political and military risks. Let's look at these in detail.
Conventional wisdom says that mercenaries should save governments money, but that's not always the case. Hiring high-quality soldiers that rival regular military forces can be expensive, as the U.S. is finding out in Iraq . According to the Congressional Budget Office, the U.S. government has awarded contracts in Iraq worth about $85 billion from 2003 to 2007, or 20 percent of the total costs of the war [source: Risen]. However, governments that skimp often regret it. History is full of stories about mercenaries who desert the battlefield because of their employers' unwillingness or inability to pay.
AFP/Getty Images
The private military company Blackwater has had a huge presence in Iraq since the U.S. invaded in 2003. This Blackwater helicopter circles above a roadside bomb in Baghdad that targeted a convoy of Western security guards.
Then there's the related question of loyalty. Can foreign soldiers be trusted explicitly? A well-known story from the 14th century describes how the almogávares, Spanish frontiersmen who served as mercenaries, turned on the Byzantine leaders who hired them. After helping to defeat the Turks, the almogávares attacked the Byzantine town of Magnesia and then continued to ravage the area for two years. Even if such wholesale disloyalty is uncommon, desertion isn't.
|
The Supernatural Soldier
Mercenaries won't face extinction anytime soon on the battlefield -- or in books, movies and video games. And sometimes they just won't die. Consider Casca, the eternal mercenary and the central character in a series of novels written by Barry Sadler. In Sadler's imagination, Casca is the Roman soldier who speared Jesus Christ as he suffered on the crucifix. He is then condemned to walk the Earth as an immortal soldier, a mercenary who must face history's most horrible battles. Another mercenary with supernatural powers is the Headless Horseman. In "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," Washington Irving tells us that the horseman is the disgruntled spirit of a Hessian mercenary who was decapitated by a cannonball during the Revolutionary War . Every night, the phantom scours the countryside on a fire-breathing horse, looking for a head to replace the one he lost. |
Remember mercenaries are beholden to the foreign government or corporation that pays for their services. As a result, the mercenaries may not support the same goals as the homeland citizenry. In addition, the public sees the sacrifice of a soldier fighting for his or her country as honorable. Many people don't feel the same way about a mercenary who fights, not for a cause, but for a paycheck.
The biggest risks are probably military in nature. Mercenaries generally fight next to soldiers of the regular army, so there needs to be some integration and coordination. But often mercenaries don't readily share information with troops or with other mercenary armies that share the field. This communication breakdown can obviously have serious consequences during a battle.
Finally, the presence of high-paid mercenaries can weaken a country's military force. Why? First, retention rates are lowered as quality soldiers leave the armed forces for more lucrative positions as mercenaries. Second, as paid soldiers assume responsibility for more tasks, the connection between military professionalism and public service can be eroded.
이러한 위험 때문에 일부 국가에서는 용병 활동에 대한 일반적인 금지를 주장해 왔습니다. 그러나 비평가들은 용병을 불법화하면 득보다 실이 더 많을 것이라고 주장합니다. 결국 용병은 신속하게 급여를 받고 엄격하고 명확한 지침에 따라 관리될 때 여러 면에서 군대에 도움이 될 수 있는 유능한 군인입니다.
군용 저격수와 그린 베레모 와 같이 관심을 가질 만한 것들에 대한 관련 기사를 보려면 다음 페이지로 이동하십시오 .
더 많은 정보
관련 기사
- 군사 저격수의 작동 방식
- 미군이 일하는 방식
- 육군 레인저의 작동 방식
- 그린 베레의 작동 원리
- 델타포스의 작동 원리
- 미래 포스 워리어의 작동 방식
- NLOS 대포는 무엇입니까?
- 투명한 알루미늄 갑옷의 작동 원리
- 추가 21,000명의 미군은 이라크에서 무엇을 하고 있습니까?
더 좋은 링크
- GlobalSecurity.org의 용병/민간 군사 회사
- CNN Spotlight: 불운의 병사들
- 프랑스 외인부대의 생활
- 블랙워터 월드와이드
출처
- AP. "미국은 용병 사용에 대한 유엔 보고서를 맹비난합니다." MilitaryTimes, 2007년 10월 18일. (2008년 8월 25일)
http://www.militarytimes.com/news/2007/10/ap_contractors_071017/ - 아스티에, 앙리. "프랑스 행운의 병사들은 여전히 아프리카를 배회하고 있습니다." BBC 뉴스 온라인. 2002년 6월 20일. (2008년 8월 25일)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2056207.stm - 아반트, 데보라. "민간 군사 회사와 전쟁의 미래." 외교정책연구원 E-Notes. 2006년 4월. (2008년 8월 25일) http://www.fpri.org/enotes/200604.military.avant.privatemilitarycompanies.html
- "바그다드 붐." 이코노미스트닷컴. 2004년 3월 25일. (2008년 8월 25일) http://www.sandline.com/hotlinks/Economist-Baghdad.html
- Dupur, Ernest R., Gay Hammerman 및 Grace P. Hayes. "미국 혁명: 글로벌 전쟁." 데이비드 맥케이 컴퍼니. 1977.
- Encyclopedia Britannica 2005, sv "용병." CD-ROM, 2005.
- Encyclopedia Britannica 2005, sv "전쟁의 법칙." CD-ROM, 2005.
- 프랑스 외인부대 웹사이트. (2008년 8월 25일)
http://www.legion-recrute.com/en/ - Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia, History Channel의 온라인 백과사전, sv "mercenaries." (2008년 8월 25일)
http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=216258. - Glanz, James 및 Alissa J. Rubin. "심부름부터 치명적인 사격, 불의 우박, 17명의 죽음까지." 뉴욕 타임즈. 2007년 10월 3일. (2008년 8월 25일) http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/03/world/middleeast/03firefight.html?_
r=1&oref=slogin - 헤밍웨이, 마크. "고용 전사." 주간 기준. 권. 012, 14호. 2006년 12월 18일. (2008년 8월 25일)
http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/013/062fxarf.asp. - Johnston, David 및 John M. Broder. "FBI는 경비원들이 이유 없이 이라크인 14명을 죽였다고 말했습니다." 뉴욕 타임즈. 2007년 11월 14일. (2008년 8월 22일)
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/14/world/middleeast/14blackwater.html - 케네디, 브루스. "CNN Spotlight: Soldiers of Misfortune: Mercenaries는 20세기 분쟁에서 중요한 역할을 합니다." (2008년 8월 25일)
http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/17/spotlight/ - Koch, HW "중세 전쟁." 초승달 책. 1978.
- 맥고먼, 에반. "프랑스 외인부대의 삶". (2008년 8월 25일)
http://www.foreignlegionlife.com/index.html#topindex - "아프리카 분쟁의 용병들." BBC 뉴스. 2004년 3월 11일. (2008년 8월 25일)
http://www.sandline.com/hotlinks/BBC-Mercs_Africa.html - "용병/민간 군사 회사(PMC)." 글로벌시큐리티.org. (2008년 8월 25일)
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/mercenary.htm - 무어, 몰리. "전설의 힘이 이미지를 업데이트합니다." 워싱턴포스트. 2007년 5월 13일.
- "희생 아웃소싱: 미국인은 고용된 군인을 존중해야 합니까?" 버팔로 대학교 뉴스 센터 보도 자료. 2008년 2월 14일. (2008년 8월 25일)
http://www.buffalo.edu/news/9159 - 일어나라, 제임스. "이라크 계약자를 사용하는 데 수십억의 비용이 든다고 보고서는 말합니다." 뉴욕 타임즈. 2008년 8월 11일. (2008년 8월 25일)
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/12/washington/12contractors.html?_r=
1&ref=worldspecial&oref=slogin - "블랙워터 총격 사건 이후 보안 계약자에게 질문을 받았습니다." The Online NewsHour의 대본. 2007년 9월 18일 첫 방송. (2008년 8월 25일)
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/july-dec07/blackwater_09-18.html - Stephenson, Michael. "Patriot Battles: How the War of Independence Was Fought." HarperCollins. 2007.
