10の有名な超常現象のデマ

世界の歴史の中で最大のデマのいくつかは、1つの小さな嘘として始まりました。誰も嘘を信じていなかったら、それは消えていただろう。しかし、大きなデマは、不可解なことに直面して不信を停止することをいとわない多くの騙されやすい人々を必要とします。

次の10のデマが何かを証明する場合、それは人間の自己欺瞞の能力を決して過小評価することではありません。特に苦闘と暗闇の中で、私たちは理性を超えた何かを必死に信じたいと思っています。スコットランドの湖の奥深くに住む魔女、エイリアン、幽霊、恐竜のホールドアウトなど、存在のランダム性を理解できる何かがそこにあるに違いありません。

私たちが何世紀にもわたって旅をし、私たちの集合的な常識にこれまでに与えた最もとんでもない、伝染性で永続的なデマのいくつかを暴くために読み続けてください。

1. フォックス姉妹
2. 悪魔の棲む家
3. エイリアンオートプシー
4. ネス湖の怪物の「外科医の写真」
5. 偶然のタイムトラベラーの場合
6. 英国のミステリーサークル
7. フィジー人魚
8. セイラム魔女裁判
9. トリノの聖骸布
10. カーディフの巨人

1848年3月31日の夜、エイプリルフールの14歳のマギーフォックスと11歳の妹のケイトは、寝室で繰り返される不思議な現象を報告しました。毎晩、二人が下見板張りの農家で眠りにつくと、壁から奇妙なノック音が聞こえました。さらに奇妙なことに、ノッキングは彼らの質問に答えているようでした。

「あなたが怪我をした精神であるならば、3回のラップでそれを明らかにしてください」と女の子の母親に尋ねました[出典：アボット]。ノック、ノック、ノック。霊界と生計を分けるベールが破られていた！

フォックス姉妹の壁を包む精神のニュースは、モルモン教とミラー派（後のセブンスデーアドベンチズム）の発祥の地でもあるニューヨーク州北部の精神的に可燃性の郡に山火事のように広まりました[出典：アボット]。スピリチュアリズムは、新しい種類の宗教的体験を約束しました。そこでは、信者は、はるか彼方からの秘密の知識を持つ人々から、自分たちの生活についての特定のガイダンスを受けることができました。

最終的に、フォックス姉妹は彼らの非常に人気のある交霊会をニューヨーク市に持ち込み、大勢の人を集めました。彼らのルーチンは、単純なノックとラップから、亡くなった親戚との会話や、白紙カードに魔法のように現れる秘密のメッセージへと進化しました。

彼らの名声にもかかわらず、あるいはそれが原因である可能性が高いにもかかわらず、姉妹は問題のある人間関係、心理的衰弱、アルコール依存症に苦しんでいました。彼女の50代で、マギーは彼らの長く描かれたデマの公の告白を届けました。そして、それは無害な子供時代のいたずらとして始まりました。就寝時に、彼らはリンゴをひもに結び、それを上下に動かして、リンゴを床にぶつけさせました。姉妹は後に、ナックルとつま先を操作して弾けるような音を出す能力を開発しました[出典：アボット]。

1974年の秋にニューヨーク州アミティビルの眠そうな村で実際に起こったことの真実は、「悪魔の棲む家」を一般的な名前にした超常的なほら話よりもはるかに厄介です。

23歳のロナルド"ブッチ"デフェオは、2人の両親と4人の若い兄弟をベッドで冷静にそして系統的に撃ちました。彼は警察の取調べの下ですぐに自白し、「家の中の声」が彼にそうするように言ったと主張した。彼の狂気の嘆願が投げ出された後、彼は6つの連続した生涯の刑を宣告されました[出典：Bovsun ]。

A year after the murders, the Lutz family -- George, Kathy and their three young children -- moved in to the infamous three-story Dutch Colonial where "Butch" had butchered his loved ones. As a precaution, they hired a priest to perform an exorcism . The priest reported a voice in the house growling "Get out!" and then his hands started to bleed.

Undeterred, the Lutz family spent a harrowing month in the Amityville house, plagued by unexplained chills, gobs of slime on the floor, and even Mrs. Lutz levitating over her bed [source: ABC News].

The Lutz family fled the house, eventually moving to California where the parents collaborated with a writer on the best-selling novel "The Amityville Horror," a generously fictionalized account of the family's 28-day ordeal [source: Bovsun].

The book's wild popularity spawned several Hollywood films and a dozen more books.

DeFeo's own lawyer says he and the Lutzes made up most of the story after consuming several bottles of wine. Indeed, no one who has lived in the house since then (it's still privately owned in 2015) has reported any paranormal activity [source: ABC News].

In 1995, the Fox television network aired a special called "Alien Autopsy: Fact or Fiction?" which became a surprise ratings bonanza and a pop culture phenomenon, catapulting the topic of UFOs back into the national conversation.

Capitalizing on the popularity of its cult hit "The X-Files," Fox bought 17 minutes of grainy footage from British TV producer Ray Santilli claiming to record a secret U.S. military autopsy of an alien life-form recovered from a UFO crash site near Roswell, New Mexico.

The footage, reportedly bought from a retired military cameraman, shows the bloodied corpse of a hairless, large-headed alien with reptilian eyes being roughly dissected by a team of doctors in protective surgical gear. The shaky camerawork and blurred close-ups lend a sense of realism to the footage while making it exceptionally difficult to get a good look at the creature or its gooey innards.

Although most TV viewers immediately dismissed the footage as fake -- the light, rubbery "flesh" of the alien was hard to ignore -- producer Santilli vouched for its authenticity. At least until 2006, when Santilli began promoting a second "Alien Autopsy" film, this one a mockumentary about the filming of the original.

In press interviews, Santilli confessed the "truth," that the original footage was irreparably damaged during transport from the U.S. to England, and that he hired a team of special effects artists and actors to "restore" the lost footage for the special [source: Barton]. Good one, Ray.

The legend of the Loch Ness monster has captivated northern Scotland for over 1,500 years. Carvings of a flippered beast with an elongated head are etched into the ancient standing stones near the massive lake south of Inverness [source: Lyons].

However, the hunt for "Nessie" reached a fever pitch in the 1930s, when a newspaper report of an "an enormous animal rolling and plunging on the surface" prompted thousands of tourists to flood the area hoping to catch a glimpse of the Jurassic beast.

The most famous photographic "proof" of the Loch Ness monster is a blurry 1934 image known as the "surgeon's photo." The iconic image, supposedly snapped by respected doctor R. Kenneth Wilson, shows the shadowy profile of a creature, its long neck outstretched above the water. The powerful image served as de facto proof of the mythical animal's existence since its original publication in London's Daily Mail.

Not until 1994 did a series of revelations bring the real story behind the "surgeon's photo" to light. The creature was in fact a model built atop a toy submarine, part of an elaborate hoax perpetrated by a big-game hunter named Marmaduke Wetherell [source: Lyons]. Wetherell held a grudge against the Mail, which had hired him in 1933 to track down the Scottish monster. He was publically humiliated when he mistook phony hippo tracks for Nessie's footprints.

Wetherell's 93-year-old step-son confessed to building the makeshift model for his father, who was able to convince the otherwise honorable Dr. Wilson to deliver the photo to the newspaper [source: Lyons].

One night in 1950, a strange figure appeared in the middle of a traffic-clogged intersection in New York City's famous Times Square . He wore a high silk hat, a tight coat and vest, and boasted an admirable set of thick mutton-chop sideburns.

Witnesses said the man looked startled, gawking at his surroundings as if he'd never seen a car or traffic lights before. He bolted for the curb, directly in the path of a yellow cab, which killed him instantly.

When the police searched the mystery man's pockets, they found 19th century currency, a bill for the "feeding and stabling of one horse," and a business card for Rudolph Fentz on Fifth Ave. Tracking down the address, they found an old woman, who confirmed that Rudolph Fentz was in fact her father-in-law, a man who had mysteriously disappeared in 1876 [source: Aubeck].

Such is the story of Rudolph Fentz, the accidental time traveler . For decades, paranormalists across Europe have pointed to Fentz's miraculous appearance -- a 19th-century man in 20th-century Times Square -- as proof of the existence of time travel.

But the true origin of the Fentz legend was a short story published in Collier's magazine in 1951 by science-fiction writer Jack Finney. The tale was republished in a paranormal journal two years later without attribution to Finney and presented as fact [source: Aubeck]. From there, the case of the accidental time traveler took on a life of its own.

In the 1980s, a series of increasingly intricate patterns emerged in the barley and wheat fields of surprised farmers in Wiltshire, England. Dubbed "crop circles ," the breathtaking, unexplained formations drew crowds of gawking tourists and intense speculation about their origin.

Cerelologists -- as serious crop circle junkies are known -- hypothesized that the circles, which always appeared overnight, were either landing pads for alien spacecraft, coded messages from a higher intelligence or symbols downloaded psychokinetically from the collective subconscious [source: Jenkins]. It helps that Wiltshire is also home to Stonehenge, the original alien art project.

Only Doug Bower and Dave Chorley knew the real story. The drinking buddies and part-time watercolor artists had been making the crop circles by hand -- or by foot, mostly -- since the late 1970s. Fueled by too many pints and a conversation about UFOs , the duo snuck into a farmer's field and stomped out a circular pattern with iron rods, a flat wooden board and some rope [source: Jenkins]. The rest is history.

It wasn't until 1991 that Bower and Chorley confessed their role in the artistic hoax, which by then had grown to include legions of unaffiliated circlemakers across England and around the world [source: Schmidt]. The cerelology community took the news in stride, admitting the possibility that many of the circles were man-made, but ardently defending the most elaborate and beautiful circles as indisputably otherworldly creations.

P.T. Barnum may or may not have uttered the infamous phrase, "There's a sucker born every minute," but he certainly lived it. Barnum was the perhaps the best-known Victorian-era huckster to enthrall the public with outrageous specimens of odder-than-life humans and mythical creatures.

One of Barnum's earliest sensations was the so-called "Feejee Mermaid," purported to be the preserved remains of a real-life mermaid captured in the Bay of Bengal . In 1842, Barnum displayed the creature in his American Museum on Broadway in New York City, where it drew crowds of onlookers [source: Ringling Bros.].

The Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology at Harvard University got its hands on a specimen called the Java Mermaid in 1897; it's thought to be the "Feejee Mermaid" [source: Early].

The museum staff tracked down the true origin of the shriveled, 16-inch (40-centimeter) creature, which is not simply a monkey head stitched to a fish body, as many had speculated. It turned out to be a souvenir handicraft made by Southeast Asian fishermen and sold to tourists as a little mermaid. The body parts are a mix of paper-mâché and fish bones and fins but no monkey skulls [source: Early].

The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 represent one of the darkest chapters in the history of the New World, when the false accusations of a handful of teenage girls led to the execution of 20 men and women, and the death of seven others in prison, on charges of witchcraft [source: History.com].

The panic began when the young daughter and niece of Rev. Samuel Parris of Salem Village were struck with a mysterious illness that triggered violent contortions and hysterical screaming. A local doctor pronounced them "bewitched," or cursed by a minion of the devil [source: Salem Witch Museum].

Belief in the devil was strong in the 17th century, and the community of Salem Village was rattled by a recent smallpox epidemic and attacks from Native American tribes. The atmosphere bred a powerful need to blame the community's troubles on supernatural causes.

The girls named their accused witches, who were tried in a special court on the flimsiest spectral evidence -- the alleged ability of the accused to appear to the girls in spirit while their physical bodies where elsewhere [source: History.com].

Other young girls started exhibiting the same "symptoms" and pointing fingers at their neighbors. During the spring and fall of 1692, 150 citizens of Salem Village were thrown in jail on charges of witchcraft [source: Salem Witch Museum].

By October, the governor of Massachusetts banned spectral evidence and disbanded the witchcraft court. Those still in jail were released and pardoned, and financial compensation was given to the heirs of the wrongly executed [source: History.com]. What was really behind the accusations is still a mystery.

Many faithful believers exalt the Shroud of Turin as the very same "clean linen cloth" in which the crucified Jesus Christ was wrapped before rising on the third day from his tomb. The yellowed piece of cloth, roughly 14 feet by 4 feet, (4 by 1 meters) bears the faint, but unmistakable imprint of a bearded man marked with wounds consistent with that of crucifixion [sources: Thurston, Squires].

The relic resides in the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in Turin, Italy. But centuries of controversy have cast serious doubts on the shroud's authenticity.

Catholic Church documents dating from 1389 show the presiding French bishop petitioning the pope to put an end to the "scandal" surrounding the shroud at Lirey, France [source: Thurston]. The object was well-known to be the work of a local artist, who created it not as a hoax, but as part of an Easter celebration. Once displayed, the adoring crowds mistook it for the real thing, stained with the very sweat and blood of the Savior. The relic passed through several hands before arriving in Turin in 1578 [source: Knapton].

Carbon dating has never successfully linked the fibers of the cloth to the time of Christ, although Italian scientists published a new theory in 2014. Apparently, a powerful earthquake in 33 C.E. could have released enough radioactive emissions to not only imprint the image of Christ on the cloth, but alter the molecular structure of its fibers in such a way as to produce incorrect carbon dating results [source: Knapton].

Anything's possible.

Known as "America's Greatest Hoax," this 10-foot (3-meter) tall stone statue of a "petrified" ancient giant made its 19th-century creator, George Hull, a very rich man.

Hull was a get-rich-quick schemer and a proud atheist in a time of great religious fervor. After an argument with a revivalist preacher over the existence of giants as mentioned in the book of Genesis, Hull conceived a devious plan that would capitalize on the gullibility of the public [source: Roadside America].

1868年、ハルはシカゴの石工を雇い、ハル自身に似せて石膏の巨大な塊を彫りました[出典：農民博物館]。その後、ハルは石を硫酸で「熟成」させ、ニューヨーク州カーディフの農民に密かに裏庭に埋めるように説得しました。1年後、ハルは農民に井戸を掘らせ、石の巨人が埋葬された場所を正確に掘るように労働者に指示しました。

カーディフの巨人の発掘は、精神的な興奮の温床であるニューヨーク北部で大きなセンセーションを巻き起こしました。（フォックス姉妹を覚えていますか？）生き物のニュースは広範囲に広がり、アーティファクトの信憑性について激しい議論を引き起こしました。ハルは憶測の火を煽り、巨人をツアーに連れて行き、覗き見のために50セントを請求した。噂によると、彼は1860年代に3万ドルを稼ぎました[出典：RoadsideAmerica ]。

ニューヨーク州クーパーズタウンにあるファーマーズミュージアムでは、カーディフの巨人を今でも見ることができます。

著者のメモ：10の有名な超常現象のデマ

私たちの先祖の愚かさを振り返って笑うのは簡単ですが、私たち自身の恥ずかしい自己欺瞞の行為を調べるのははるかに困難です。片翼の飛行機が奇跡的な着陸をするという素晴らしいビデオをどれだけ早く転送できますか？そして、チートスが販売しているフロマージュの香りの香水が、実際にはエイプリルフールのジョークであることを認識するのはどれほど遅いのでしょうか。19世紀には、毎日1人の吸盤しか生まれませんでしたが、インターネットは1ミリ秒ごとに新しい吸盤を生み出すことができます。頑張ってください！

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