Top 5 Ways Nature Has Inspired Technology

Apr 23 2009
Some of the newest ideas in technology come from very old ideas -- they're inspired by nature. How do the plants and animals around us give engineers ideas?
How has nature shaped the development of technology? See more living green pictures.

Engineers are in the business of solving problems. It's their job to find ways to achieve certain outcomes. The problem might involve finding a way to build a skyscraper that can withstand hurricane-force winds. Or it might be to discover a method to deliver a specific dosage of drugs to a single cell in the human body.

Mühendisler, şu anda karşılaştıkları soruna zaten bir çözüm olup olmadığını görmek için genellikle doğaya bakarlar. Yalnızca çözümü tanımakla kalmamalı, aynı zamanda bu çözümü inceleyebilmeli, kopyalayabilmeli ve geliştirebilmeli ki biz de bundan faydalanabilelim. Bu yaklaşım için özel bir kelime var: biyomimetik . Nihayetinde, mühendisin yaratılışı biyolojik bir varlığın yapısını veya işlevini taklit eder.

Sonuçlar hayranlık uyandırıcı veya insanların rutin olarak hafife aldığı bir şey olabilir. Ancak mühendisler doğada işlerin nasıl yürüdüğüne çok dikkat etmeselerdi, temel icatlar bile mümkün olmazdı. Doğanın güvendiğimiz teknolojiye ilham verdiği beş yolu belirli bir sırayla listelenmeden inceleyeceğiz.

İçindekiler
  1. Yapay Zeka Geliştirme
  2. İstilacı Kanser Hücreleri
  3. Duvarlara Yapışmak
  4. Navigating Autonomously
  5. Taking Flight

5: Developing Artificial Intelligence

The brain is so complex that even the fastest supercomputer can't simulate it in real time.

Artificial intelligence is a term that has been thrown around for decades. In the past, computers were just powerful machines that could crunch enormous numbers -- they couldn't think for themselves. A computer could only follow explicit instructions.

Bugün, mühendisler ve bilgisayar bilimcileri, hesaplamadan düşünmeye sıçramaya çalışıyorlar. Biraz ilerleme kaydettiler. 2008'de bilim adamları, bir farenin beynini simüle etmek için BlueGene L süper bilgisayarını kullandılar. Bu kulağa basit gelebilir, ancak bir beyin - sanal bir fareye ait olsa bile - inanılmaz derecede karmaşıktır. Aslında o kadar karmaşık ki, güçlü bilgisayar simülasyonu yalnızca 10 saniyelik patlamalarla çalıştırabilir [kaynak: BBC News ].

2009'da Cornell araştırmacıları, sarkacın hareketlerini analiz ederek hareketin temel yasalarını çıkarabilen bir bilgisayar programı geliştirdiler. Program bir dizi ölçüm yaptı ve temel fizik yasalarını tahmin etmek için bir genetik algoritma kullandı.

Gelecekte, karmaşık mühendislik problemlerini çözebilen makineler görebiliriz. Hatta bilgisayarların çok daha güçlü makineler tasarladığı noktaya bile ulaşabiliriz. Bu nasıl derin düşünce için?

4: İstilacı Kanser Hücreleri

Nanoteknoloji bilim adamları, kanser gibi hastalıklar için yeni tedaviler geliştirme umuduyla virüsleri inceler.

Kanser ve diğer hastalıkları hücre hücre tedavi etme yöntemleri üzerinde çalışan mühendisler, bilgisayar bilimcileri ve doktorlardan oluşan ekipler var. Üzerinde çalıştıkları bir çözüm, nano ölçekte dağıtım teknolojileri tasarlamayı içeriyor. Tıbbi nanoparçacıklar yapıyorlar -- çapı 100 nanometreden daha küçük olan nesneler. Bir nanometre, metrenin milyarda biridir. Aslında, nanoölçek o kadar küçüktür ki, bir ışık mikroskobu yardımıyla bile nanoparçacıkları görmek imkansızdır.

Fikir zarif: Bir kanser hücresini arayabilen, içine sızabilen ve ilacı tam olarak gitmesi gereken yere ulaştırabilen bir ilaç taşıyıcı parçacık oluşturun. Doktorlar sadece kanser hücrelerini hedefleyerek, yan etkileri en aza indirirken hastalığı ortadan kaldırmayı umuyorlar. Sağlıklı hücreler etkilenmeden kalacaktır.

Bu göründüğünden daha zor. Ancak bu ekiplerin nanopartiküller oluşturmak için çalışabilecekleri doğal bir modeli var: virüsler. Virüsler yalnızca birkaç nanometre uzunluğunda ölçebilir ve çoğalmadan önce bir şekilde belirli hücre türlerini arayabilirler. Doktorlar, bu yeteneği taklit eden nanoparçacıklar yaratmayı umuyorlar.

3: Duvarlara Yapışmak

Bu geko bize duvarlarda yürümeyi öğretebilir.

Since the dawn of time, man has searched for the ideal way to stick something to something else. In ancient times, this may have involved hammering a large spike through the hide of a mammoth to make the cave dwelling a little less drafty. These days, engineers look to plants with burrs or creatures like the gecko for inspiration.

Back in 1941, Swiss engineer Georges de Mestral was picking out burrs that had caught on his clothing and in his dog's fur. He placed a burr under a microscope and noticed that it had tiny barbs that allowed it to attach to passing creatures. The engineer came up with a brilliant plan -- create a material that used these tiny barbs as a fastening device. That material is what we now call Velcro [source: Stephens].

Then there's Gecko Tape, a material that uses nanoscopic hairs to cling to sheer surfaces. The hairs mimic the ones you'd find on the feet of geckos. One day, scientists might be able to create an entire suit using this material. That suit would allow the wearer to scale walls and perhaps even walk across ceilings. Before long, we may be able to put in a call to our friendly neighborhood Spider-man.

2: Navigating Autonomously

Could ants help us design navigation systems for robots?

In the future, there will be robots. Whether they will cater to our every need or hunt us down in packs. It remains to be seen. Either way, one feature robots will need to achieve their true potential is autonomous navigation.

Most robots either require a pre-programmed route or simply react to the environment whenever they encounter an obstacle. Very few can find their way from one point to another on their own. Some engineers are trying to overcome this problem by studying ants.

The Cataglyphis is an ant found in the Sahara Desert. Unlike other ants, the Cataglyphis doesn't rely on pheromone trails to navigate through its environment. Scientists believe that the ants use a combination of visual piloting, path integration and systematic search [source: Möller et al. ]. Engineers hope that by gaining a deeper understanding of how creatures like the Cataglyphis navigate, they can build robots with similar capabilities.

1: Taking Flight

This humpback can't fly, but its fins might help us take to the skies.

In 2000, Walt Disney Pictures released a new edit of "Fantasia." The updated film contained several new sequences, one of which featured a pod of humpback whales that take flight to the strains of "The Pines of Rome" by Ottorino Respighi. While we're not likely to see humpback whales take to the skies, the fantastical sequence presaged an actual scientific discovery.

In May 2004, a group of scientists and engineers published a scientific paper in the Physics of Fluids journal. The team had built models of the pectoral flippers on a humpback whale. On one model they included tubercles -- the bumps you'd find on an actual whale's flipper. On another model they used a smooth surface.

They tested both models in a wind tunnel at the U.S. Naval Academy. Their tests showed that the flipper with the tubercles saw an 8 percent improvement in lift. In addition, the flipper was less likely to experience stall at steep wind angles and created up to 32 percent less drag.

Could we soon see airplanes with bumpy wings? It's entirely possible. The team's findings suggest that nature has created an efficient device for moving through fluid environments. It might be foolish not to take advantage of these discoveries.

There are hundreds of other examples of how nature has guided technological development throughout human history. So the next time you need to solve a complex technical issue, you might just want to take a look in your own back yard first.

Learn more about technology and nature on the next page.

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Sources

  • BBC News. "Mouse brain simulated on computer." April 27, 2007. (April 10, 2009) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6600965.stm
  • Butler, Rhett. "Biomimetics, technology that mimics nature." Mongabay.com. July 11, 2005. (April 8, 2009) http://news.mongabay.com/2005/0711-rhett_butler.html
  • Garcia, M. A. Porta et al. "Optimal Path Planning for Autonomous Mobile Robot Navigation Using Ant Colony Optimization and a Fuzzy Cost Function Evaluation." Analysis and Design of Intelligent Systems using Soft Computing Techniques. Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. Vol. 41, 2007.
  • Hill, Deborah. "Mimicking humpback whale flippers may improve airplane wing design." Bio-Medicine. May 11, 2004. (April 9, 2009) http://news.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-2/Mimicking-humpback-whale- flippers-may-improve-airplane-wing-design-1527-3/
  • Ju, Anne. "Nature-inspired technology creates engineered antibodies to fight specific diseases." PhysOrg. March 25, 2009. (April 8, 2009) http://www.physorg.com/news157222416.html
  • Keim, Brandon. "Computer Program Self-Discovers Laws of Physics." Wired. April 2, 2009. (April 10, 2009) http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/04/newtonai.html
  • Knight, Will. "Gecko tape will stick you to ceiling." NewScientist. June 2003. (April 10, 2009) http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3785
  • Möller, Ralf et al. "Modeling Ant Navigation with an Autonomous Agent." Proceedings of the fifth international conference on simulation of adaptive behavior on From animals to animals. University of Zurich, Switzerland. 1998. pp. 185 - 194.
  • Stephens, Thomas. "How a Swiss invention hooked the world." Swissinfo.ch. Jan. 4, 2007. (April 9, 2009) http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/search/detail/How_a_Swiss_invention_hooked _the_world.html?siteSect=881&sid=7402384