
As consequências públicas de más decisões românticas geralmente estão em relação direta com a natureza pública das pessoas envolvidas. Para um escândalo realmente suculento, é essencial que os jogadores tenham um papel de autoridade ou figura de proa em nossa cultura, seja historicamente ou nos dias atuais. Atores de programas infantis, políticos no topo da cadeia alimentar, monarcas e chefes de dinastias (sejam eles egípcios ou a realeza de Hollywood ) são mantidos em um padrão mais alto do que o homem comum, cujos erros são simplesmente de mau gosto.
O que é interessante sobre o assunto público do fim da carreira é a maneira como o aproveitamos. As pessoas que a sociedade eleva são mantidas em um padrão mais alto e têm muito mais a cair. Em muitos casos, e cada vez mais, a imaginação popular nem se preocupa em esconder a schadenfreude - prazer na desgraça alheia - que tiramos desses eventos, porque há uma decepção oculta que sentimos quando essas coisas são reveladas: "Se essas as pessoas são apenas humanas, o que estávamos fazendo adorando-as?" E no caso dos políticos, uma decepção ainda mais paranóica: "Quem está dirigindo este ônibus, afinal?"
Neste artigo, exploraremos 10 escândalos de grande sucesso - da história, política, entretenimento e do mundo literário - e veremos o que tornou cada um deles tão sensacional e destrutivo.
- Cleópatra e Marco Antônio
- Alexander Hamilton e Maria Reynolds
- Oscar Wilde e Lord Alfred Douglas
- Rei Eduardo VIII e Wallis Simpson
- Ingrid Bergman e Roberto Rossellini
- Walter Jenkins
- Gary Hart e Donna Rice
- Tiger Woods e praticamente todo mundo
- John Edwards e Rielle Hunter
- David Petraeus, Paula Broadwell e a Comunidade de Inteligência dos EUA
10: Cleópatra e Marco Antônio

Nascida em Alexandria por volta de 69 a.C. na dinastia de Ptolomeu, descendente de gregos, Cleópatra assumiu o Egito assim que seu pai se foi [fonte: History ]. Para reforçar a lealdade, ela se tornou amante de Júlio César , e lhe deu um filho. Enquanto isso, o amigo de César, Marco Antônio, estava tendo seu próprio drama: ele era bem-nascido, mas desperdiçou sua juventude. Quando um amigo morreu, ele tomou a esposa do homem, Fulvia, como sua. Mais tarde, ele correu para a Grécia para evitar as dívidas que acumulou em Roma, mas acabou se juntando ao exército, onde suas conexões com César - e Otaviano, um governante romano posterior - foram muito úteis em sua carreira.
Quando Júlio César foi assassinado, Antônio se juntou a um triunvirato de líderes sobre Roma. Estendendo a mão para Cleópatra, ele foi negado uma audiência com ela duas vezes antes de se conhecerem - e se apaixonou. Ele se casou com ela no Egito, formando uma nova aliança política e enlouquecendo Fulvia, que encenou um ataque a Otaviano para manchar o nome de Antônio. Mark Antony correu para casa em Fulvia, mas era tarde demais para salvar as coisas - Fulvia morreu logo depois. Para tentar suavizar o desastre, Antônio se casou com a irmã de Otaviano para unir suas famílias.
Então agora foi a vez de Cleópatra ouvir sobre seus feitos - e ela estava a apenas algumas semanas de dar à luz gêmeos ! Mas ela era uma princesa e uma política experiente, então continuou apoiando seu exército. E então, uma vez que Otaviano se mostrou duvidoso como aliado, Antônio se divorciou da irmã (grávida!) e voltou para o Egito. Enfurecido, Otaviano usou isso como uma chance de atacar o Egito e consolidar o poder, que é quando as coisas ficam inacreditáveis.
Assustada por sua vida, Cleópatra começou rumores de que ela estava morta e se escondeu em sua cripta. Infelizmente, uma das pessoas que acreditou nessa fofoca foi Antônio, então – lembre-se de que Shakespeare escreveu o relato ficcional definitivo disso, então essa parte pode ser familiar – ele se matou. Atormentado, e certo Otaviano acabaria por levá-la prisioneira em sua conquista do Egito, Cleópatra seguiu o exemplo [fonte: McManus ].
Não é à toa que é o caso mais famoso de todos os tempos. Tem tudo! Incluindo o fato que às vezes esquecemos, que quando você está olhando para governantes históricos - de Alexandre, o Grande até os Tudors - você também está olhando para impérios que cobriam todo o mundo conhecido. Os casos amorosos de Cleópatra são assunto de tablóide para nossos olhos, mas não podemos esquecer que toda guerra, para esses caras, era uma guerra mundial.
9: Alexander Hamilton e Maria Reynolds

Este é um pouco menos conhecido - acontece no alvorecer dos Estados Unidos, durante a presidência de George Washington. O fato de você nem ter ouvido falar disso demonstra como nossa própria visão dos líderes, presentes e passados, mudou ao longo da história.
O secretário do Tesouro, Alexander Hamilton, tinha 34 anos quando conheceu Maria Reynolds, uma garota casada de 23 anos que alegou que seu marido James havia abandonado ela e sua filha [fonte: Weigant ]. Hamilton deu dinheiro para viagem a Reynolds, mas percebeu alguns sinais de que ela poderia estar interessada em mais, e eles começaram um caso que durou três anos.
Mas o marido James estava bem ciente da situação. E, de fato, ele deixou o caso continuar, extorquindo dinheiro de Hamilton pela duração do relacionamento. O protocolo social na época era para o homem traído desafiar um duelo, então o fato de James ter optado pela chantagem não é apenas revelador, mas também – como você verá no final desta história – incrivelmente irônico.
As reviravoltas de Reynolds não terminaram aí: em um esquema separado, ele estava abusando dos benefícios destinados aos veteranos da Guerra Revolucionária em algumas especulações que foram para o sul. Eventualmente, explodiu em ambos os homens, e Hamilton teve uma escolha: admitir seu arranjo sexual assustador ou se envolver na fraude do veterinário.
Hamilton procurou James Monroe (isso mesmo, o quinto presidente dos Estados Unidos ) para pedir conselhos, entregando as cartas de amor de Maria, que provavam sua inocência no último esquema de chantagem. Monroe e seus amigos no Congresso decidiram encobrir a coisa toda. Mas quando Monroe enviou as cartas para Thomas Jefferson (você não pode inventar essas coisas!), Jefferson começou a fofocar por toda a cidade.
No final, um muckraker chamado James Thomson Callender pegou as cartas e derrubou Hamilton. Hamilton admitiu seu caso de amor e pediu desculpas, o que ajudou, mas não restaurou completamente sua reputação. Mas é aí que fica estranho: abandonando o navio afundando de seu marido corrupto, Maria Reynolds finalmente conseguiu Aaron Burr para representá-la no divórcio. E sim, seria o mesmo Aaron Burr que acabou matando... Alexander Hamilton. Em um duelo.
8: Oscar Wilde e Lord Alfred Douglas

Lord Alfred "Bosie" Douglas era o terceiro filho de um Marquês, John Douglas de Queensberry. Bosie deixou Oxford sem um diploma, mas com uma enorme treta contra o pai que acabou sendo a destruição de seu grande amor , Oscar Wilde, por quem conheceu e se apaixonou em 1891 [fonte: Douglas ]. Ele sempre foi conhecido como um dândi mimado, dissoluto e inteligente, e ao longo de seu relacionamento tumultuado, ele se apoiou bastante em Oscar por dinheiro e perdão, e sempre conseguiu.
A maior briga deles veio de um desacordo sobre a tradução errada de Bosie da peça de Wilde "Salomé", que ele escreveu em francês. O drama acabou explodindo para envolver o editor da peça e até mesmo o famoso ilustrador art nouveau Aubrey Beardsley, cujas descrições rabugentas de todo o problema ainda são muito engraçadas: "Por uma semana", escreveu ele, "os números de telégrafos e mensageiros que veio à porta foi simplesmente escandaloso."
Por fim, o marquês se cansou de tudo isso e escreveu a Bosie uma carta famosa criticando-o por ter fracassado em Oxford, evitando uma carreira e ameaçando cortá-lo se não se adaptasse. "Que homenzinho engraçado você é", respondeu Bosie por telegrama, o que é bastante impressionante, mas levou à eventual destruição de Bosie e de seu amante intermitente. Papai ameaçou seu filho com uma surra e, mais importante ainda, com um grande escândalo público se ele não terminasse as coisas com o famoso dramaturgo.
Eles trocaram farpas ("Detesto você", escreveu o filho; "Sua criatura miserável", escreveu o pai) até que o irmão de Bosie - também envolvido em um caso homossexual - morreu em um suspeito acidente de caça [fonte: Douglas ]. Queensberry decidiu salvar Bosie e, portanto, a família, indo atrás de Wilde diretamente. Ele fez planos estranhos, como jogar frutas durante uma das peças de Wilde, e deixou notas assustadoras do autor por toda a cidade, incluindo um cartão de visita que insinuava que Wilde era um sodomita.
Contra o conselho de todos, incluindo o próprio George Bernard Shaw, Wilde apresentou acusações de difamação contra Queensberry e o prendeu. As acusações de homossexualidade foram suficientes para inspirar essa ofensiva, naqueles dias: Foi um crime capital. Mas uma vez que a defesa começou a lançar cartas românticas e sugestivas de Wilde para o filho do Marquês, deixou de ser sobre difamação e começou a ser um referendo sobre o próprio personagem de Wilde - e, eventualmente, seu corpo de trabalho.
Wilde desistiu do processo, mas um dia depois foi preso pela série de julgamentos por indecência e apelações que acabariam com sua liberdade e sua carreira. Embora esse tipo de disfunção familiar - e as personalidades dramáticas envolvidas - possam tê-lo derrubado por outros meios, é interessante pensar que menos de 200 anos atrás, simplesmente deixar cartões postais acusando um homem de ser gay era suficiente para destruir ele. E destruí-lo, de muitas maneiras, foi o que aconteceu.
7: Rei Eduardo VIII e Wallis Simpson

Bessie "Bessiewallis" Wallis Warfield was born in 1896 in the seaside resort town of Blue Ridge Summit, Pa. Her first marriage was in 1916, to an alcoholic Navy aviator named Earl Winfield Spencer, Jr. Over the course of several separations and affairs, the couple spent time all over the globe, hobnobbing and climbing social ladders. She charmed people left and right. According to one diplomat's wife, the only Mandarin Wallis learned during her Asiatic travels was "Boy, pass me the champagne." They were finally divorced in 1927 [source: Sebba ].
Em julho do ano seguinte, seu próximo marido - o magnata do transporte marítimo Ernest Simpson - deixou a esposa e a filha, e ele e Wallis se casaram em Londres. E graças a Deus, já que o dinheiro de sua família foi perdido no acidente de Wall Street . Nesse momento, a amiga de nome improvável de Wallis, Consuelo Thaw, apresentou-a à irmã, Lady Thelma Furness, de nome igualmente improvável, que era amante de Edward, Príncipe de Gales. De 1931 a 1933, o marido Ernest perdendo dinheiro constantemente, Wallis e Edward tornaram-se bastante próximos [fonte: Sebba ]. Lady Furness foi para Nova York em janeiro de 1934, e você pode adivinhar o que aconteceu em seguida.
By the end of 1934, Edward was devoted to Mrs. Simpson, apparently finding her iconoclastic personality just the thing for his repressed royal existence. Given that she was twice-divorced, Buckingham Palace was none too impressed -- divorced people were generally not even admitted to court in those days -- but Edward pampered her, taking her on holiday all over Europe and neglecting his official duties.
Em 20 de janeiro de 1936, o rei George V morreu, e o rei Edward VIII subiu ao trono. O governo britânico e sua família não ficaram muito impressionados com seu namoro contínuo com Wallis, mas ele estava obcecado. Não foi até 2002 que a Igreja da Inglaterra permitiu que pessoas divorciadas se casassem novamente – a razão pela qual Henrique VIII teve todos esses problemas com suas esposas, lembre-se – e o rei é o chefe da Igreja, então há toda essa questão.
But after Wallis filed for her second divorce, Edward was still looking for answers. Several prime ministers throughout the Commonwealth rejected a compromise that would have had Edward as King but not Wallis as Queen, known as a morganatic marriage, and the British government threatened to resign if he kept going through with it. The scandal drove Wallis to Cannes, where she was hounded by members of the court, and eventually she gave a statement renouncing Edward, but the King wouldn't give up. In December of 1936, the King finally abdicated, opening the throne to his brother: King George VI [source: Norton-Taylor and Evans].
Um ano e meio depois, o casal finalmente se reencontrou, livre e claro, em Monts, na França. E como presente de casamento, o rei George os fez duque e duquesa de Windsor. O que realmente veio a calhar nos anos que antecederam a Segunda Guerra Mundial, quando seu racismo abjeto e simpatias nazistas a fizeram perder qualquer posição social pequena que ela conseguisse manter [fonte: Evans e Hencke ]. Edward e Wallis nunca foram autorizados a retornar à Inglaterra.
6: Ingrid Bergman e Roberto Rossellini

A atriz sueca Ingrid Bergman incendiou a imprensa americana com suas habilidades, beleza não convencional e entrega; histórias de como ela era graciosa e charmosa com todos, desde produtores até a equipe no set, abundavam.
Em 1942, depois de fazer vários filmes em ambos os lados do lago, ela fez "Casablanca", seu filme mais famoso (embora não seja seu favorito, ao que parece). Ela fez "Por quem os sinos dobram" a pedido pessoal de Hemingway e, em 1944, "Gaslight", de George Cukor, antes de passar para um trio de filmes de Hitchcock, um dos quais - "Spellbound" - lhe rendeu uma indicação ao Oscar.
But her next best actress nomination for 1948's "Joan of Arc" came with scandal attached: It was around this time that news of her affair with married Italian director Roberto Rossellini first broke. Married since she was 21 (to a dentist who eventually moved to San Francisco when her career really exploded), Bergman had become quite a fan of Rossellini's over the years. She wrote to him first in 1949 -- a famous letter of admiration offering to make a film together -- and she appeared in his 1950 picture "Stromboli," which is when they fell in love [source: Bergman ].
Quando Bergman engravidou do filho de Rossellini enquanto os dois ainda eram casados com seus respectivos cônjuges, todos, de Ed Sullivan ao Senado dos EUA, conseguiram denunciá-la - embora Steve Allen, notavelmente, tenha se assegurado publicamente de repudiar tais julgamentos - e, eventualmente, ela dividiu o país completamente, mudando-se para a Itália para um divórcio muito barulhento e uma batalha pela custódia do filho que ela e seu marido dentista tiveram juntos. Bergman e Rossellini se casaram em maio de 1950 e, em 1952, nasceu sua filha mais famosa, Isabella Rossellini, junto com uma irmã gêmea , Isotta [fonte: Bergman ].
Isso foi um fim de carreira? Certamente em Hollywood, e dada a furiosa trajetória de sua agenda lotada até aquele momento, ela teria continuado fazendo o máximo de filmes possível. É interessante imaginar, no entanto, se o Senado teria achado adequado dar uma opinião sobre a situação se ela fosse um homem – ou se o resto da América, por falar nisso, teria enlouquecido tão intensamente.
5: Walter Jenkins

Walter Jenkins nasceu em 1918, crescendo no Texas. Ele começou a trabalhar para Lyndon B. Johnson em 1939 e passou 25 anos com ele como seu principal assessor administrativo [fonte: Langeveld ]. Ele era próximo da família - "Se Lyndon Johnson devia tudo a um ser humano que não Lady Bird, ele devia a Walter Jenkins", estava escrito; os Johnsons até comemoraram o aniversário de 51 anos de Lady Bird na casa de Walter - e ele era conhecido em toda a capital por sua gentileza, decência e integridade [fonte: Feeney ].
So why's he on this list? Well, there was a raid on a YMCA bathroom about a month before the 1964 presidential election ; Jenkins was discovered having sexual relations there with another man, and was subsequently arrested for disorderly conduct. While some papers refused at first to pay attention to the story, it eventually surfaced that this wasn't his first arrest in connection with gay hookup sites.
By Oct. 14, editors were calling the White House directly, and some of the administration's lawyers, in trying to help, managed to confirm the story had legs. Unofficial White House counsel Clark Clifford brought the details to Johnson, and shortly after, White House press secretary George Reedy confirmed it, weeping openly. Johnson ordered an FBI investigation , in case there was any blackmail going on with his most trusted assistant, and tried to sell theories that he was framed, but eventually he let it go, after ordering one last public opinion poll, which at least confirmed the voting public didn't really care that much [source: Langeveld].
Lady Bird issued a statement of support, and the campaign sailed on. The arrest itself was mostly overshadowed that week anyway by huge global shifts: changes in the British electorate, China's first nuke, and the deposition of Nikita Khrushchev. While the incident opened up a conversation in the American press about other suspected or outed gay politicos, it was Jenkins that made the greatest impact, putting Johnson's progressive values to the test. He mourned, refused to replace Jenkins, and it was later said by West Wing staffers that the President never fully recovered from the loss of his right-hand man.
4: Gary Hart and Donna Rice

Gary Hart's strong showing against the eventual Democratic presidential nominee, Walter Mondale in 1984, made him a shoo-in for the 1988 race. But in March of 1987, a month before announcing his candidacy, Hart met Donna Rice, a pageant queen, fashion model, and honors grad in biology from the University of South Carolina [source: Dionne]. Rumors began swirling almost immediately, and Hart invited the press to use whatever means they had to check up on him, promising they'd be "very bored." That same day, Rice was photographed leaving his house, which was less boring for the press than Hart might have hoped.
Hart's polling numbers dropped immediately, putting him 10 points behind Michael Dukakis, then the governor of Massachusetts and his chief rival. Two days after the original sighting, the National Enquirer produced the now-famous photograph of Rice on Hart's lap. The image is pure '80s, all blow-dried hair and fashion sweatshirts, but the intimacy is unmistakable. Less than a week later, Hart was out of the campaign -- going back for an extremely short-lived attempt that December -- and Rice was looking for a new job herself.
What sticks with this particular scandal is the quick turnaround. From March to June, an entire hopeful Democratic presidency went up and came back down again, like a lead balloon. This may not be the most sensational or the most memorable of the corrupt 1980s political and financial stories, but in some ways, it seems like a historical watermark: What was beneath the press in Kennedy's time, and even Johnson's, was by the '80s a Danielle Steele miniseries, playing out live across the pages of tabloids and real papers alike.
3: Tiger Woods and Pretty Much Everybody

Our old friend the National Enquirer first asserted Woods' affair with nightclub manager Rachel Uchitel on Nov. 25, 2009. Two days later, at 2:30 in the morning, Woods crashed his car in a spectacular way, and by Nov. 30, he'd released a vague statement regarding "private matters" and, citing his injuries, he dropped out of his own charity golf tournament [source: Seal].
Two days after that, US Weekly released an alleged voicemail he'd left for a mistress, and he gave a statement admitting to "transgressions," refusing to further dignify the details. A third statement, less vague this time, followed on Dec. 11, as more and more women came forward to say they, too, had been intimate with the golf star.
Sponsors -- Accenture, AT&T, Gatorade, General Motors -- dropped the famed golfer completely; others waited out their contracts with Woods in whatever way they could, and he lost his column in Golf Digest magazine. Within the month -- note, again, how fast the turnaround is getting -- a study was released estimating that shareholders in Woods-associated companies had lost between $5 billion and $12 billion thanks to his affairs [source: Goldiner]. As to personal loss, the scandal also cost Woods his marriage and a substantial settlement payout -- $100 million [source: BBC].
It's interesting: The more male- and sport-demographic endorsements, like Nike and Gillette, knew he would retain his professional cred, and kept him on, while the businesses that traded on his reputation and personality, like TAG Heuer and American Express, cut Woods loose. Fewer people wanted to be like him, in the wake of the scandal, which by now has faded his star so much it's hard to remember just how beloved a figure he was, and for how long.
2: John Edwards and Rielle Hunter

Combining elements from a lot of the previous stories -- the quirky personality matchup, the stresses of personal and public life -- we get the Edwards/Hunter affair, which blossomed not unlike the more recent Petraeus scandal (which we'll cover later) but with more unsavory details.
Married North Carolina Sen. John Edwards (D) met Rielle Hunter in a bar in New York City in late 2006, and shortly after began a sexual relationship .
On Oct. 10, 2007, everything went down at once: The (you guessed it) National Enquirer was calling Edwards out for an affair with a campaign worker, while a Huffington Post blogger who'd been following the story produced more details about Hunter, and New York magazine connected her back to the Enquirer story. It's worth noting that throughout all of these events, Edwards's wife Elizabeth was battling breast cancer .
All wrongdoing was denied, of course, but the Enquirer, standing by its story, produced a follow-up in an article that included a photo of a very pregnant Hunter. Just to make everything weirder, a former Edwards staffer named Andrew Young got involved, relocating Hunter to Chapel Hill near him and claiming paternity of the child [source: Singh and Gomstyn].
Eventually, of course, everything came out. After a long string of denials, Edwards finally confessed to the affair and his paternity of the child [source: Fausset]. In June 2011, Edwards was indicted on six felony charges involving misuse of campaign funds to support his mistress and hide his affair, but after a mistrial, the U.S. Justice Department dropped the case in June 2012 [source: Biesecker].
1: David Petraeus, Paula Broadwell and the U.S. Intelligence Community

The Petraeus Scandal could be considered by far the most confusing and elusive of all, thanks to so many of its players being either spies whose identities we're not allowed to know, or bizarre hangers-on whose lives themselves seem like cover stories for possible spies.
Paula Broadwell, a West Point grad with two kids and a Lt. Colonel in the Army Reserve, first met Gen. David Petraeus at Harvard in 2006, and eventually co-wrote his official biography, "All In: The Education of General David Petraeus," which was published in January 2012. By the time Petraeus was named CIA director in July 2011, they were lovers. They communicated using a free webmail account: One would save a draft message, and the other would read and delete it [source: CNN].
In May, a Tampa party planner named Jill Kelley filed an FBI complaint regarding threatening, jealous e-mails from a user calling herself "KelleyPatrol," whom the FBI pinpointed as being Broadwell. That's how they discovered the affair and webmail situation -- and also thousands of messages, some deemed "inappropriate," between Kelley and the current U.S. commander in Afghanistan, Gen. John R. Allen [source: Miller and Horowitz]. Kelley's cancer charity also came under scrutiny and her military connections were shot, making her career a second casualty of this mess.
So what was "KelleyPatrol" so upset about? Petraeus and Allen (talk about friends in high places) got themselves involved in Kelley's twin sister's custody battle, which she eventually lost. Somewhere along the line, Broadwell got the idea that Petraeus had taken Kelley as a second mistress, and she couldn't handle it. When the FBI called her in for questioning, Broadwell copped to the affair -- but not to the classified documents they'd later find on her computer.
Kelley's friend in the FBI, Frederick Humphries II – who, in another bizarre twist in the tale had sent Kelley shirtless photos of himself -- repeatedly intervened to make sure the bureau stayed on top of the "KelleyPatrol" harassment, although it wasn't his case. In late October, he called two Republican U.S. representatives, Dave Reichert and Eric Cantor, to allege that the Department of Justice (DOJ) was covering up the case. In turn, he came under investigation, but he wasn't entirely off-base: The director of the FBI and U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder decided to wait until after the 2012 elections to do anything with their information, and so -- after a long summer -- on the evening of Election Day (6 Nov 2012), they sent the FBI deputy director to inform the director of National Intelligence what was going on.
Next day, everybody knew. The DOJ informed White House counsel about everything, and Petraeus tendered his resignation to President Obama . After 24 hours of review, the resignation was official: David Petraeus, a four-star general, was no longer the head of the CIA, thanks to a jealous girlfriend's cyberstalking and a seriously skeevy amount of fraternizing at the highest levels of military, intelligence and government power.
What's intriguing about this story is the way the infidelity and sex that usually sell these stories seemed to take a backseat to our curiosity and concerns about power, privacy and the military.
The press focused attention on what the players' actions uncover about the entrenched structures we trust with our well-being every day. It's likely the story will continue to unfold in the years to come, as more of the circumstances are finally revealed.
Lots More Information
Author's Note: 10 Career-Ending Affairs
I've followed David Petraeus's career since before he succeeded Gen. Stanley A. McChrystal in Afghanistan, back in 2010, and so -- having read the Broadwell biography upon its release -- I was pretty disturbed by the recent news of their affair and the surreal, complex scandal that resulted. (I received multiple condolence calls, to be honest, on that day -- my admiration for General Petraeus has been a matter of record for years.) At a time when the very concepts of "marriage" and "privacy" have been set aside in our culture for review (and, I think, improvement), it pays to look back at the ways our cultural assumptions and those of history often forced people into situations they maybe would rather have avoided. Nobody wants to be the bad guy. But when you're the standard bearer for a people, or an idea -- as so many of those on this list were -- it makes the justifications, and the fallout, a lot more interesting... And hopefully instructive for the rest of us.
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