
Quem não gosta de arco- íris ? Claro, alguns resmungos podem não se importar muito com eles. Mas observe o que acontece quando um arco-íris de repente, quase magicamente, aparece no horizonte, uma delicada explosão de cor suavemente lavada pelo céu. As pessoas param o que estão fazendo. Olhar fixamente. Tire fotos com seus iPhones. E sorria.
A capacidade de um arco-íris de trazer alegria a praticamente qualquer pessoa é provavelmente o motivo pelo qual eles são pintados nas bochechas das crianças nas feiras. Por que eles são usados para decorar bolos de aniversário, bandeiras de jardim e roupas de cama. Por que eles são mencionados em letras, poemas e outros escritos. Por que eles são o material do folclore em muitos países e povos, muitas vezes significando uma ligação com Deus ou os céus.
Então, o que exatamente é um arco-íris? Estranhamente, é apenas uma ilusão de ótica. Vemos arco-íris quando a luz atinge gotas de água. A luz é refratada, ou muda de direção, e então é refletida pela parte de trás das gotas de água. À medida que essa luz refletida sai da água, ela é refratada novamente em vários ângulos [fonte: National Geographic ].
Você pensaria que nós mortais saberíamos tudo sobre arco-íris, por mais populares que sejam. No entanto, existem alguns mitos por aí sobre essas ilusões multicoloridas. Pense que você é muito experiente em arco-íris? Aqui está apostando que você aprenderá pelo menos um fato novo sobre eles quando terminar este artigo. Nosso primeiro mito do arco-íris é provavelmente o mais famoso.
- Há um pote de ouro no fim do arco-íris
- Arco-íris formam arcos perfeitos
- Arco-íris contêm sete cores
- Todo mundo vê o mesmo arco-íris
- Arco-íris só aparecem com chuva
- Arco-íris só aparecem durante o dia
- Você não pode criar um arco-íris
- Você não pode fazer um arco-íris desaparecer
- Arco-íris aparecem igualmente a qualquer hora
- Um arco-íris duplo é tão bom quanto ele ganha
10: Há um pote de ouro no fim do arco-íris

Um dos mitos mais famosos do arco-íris é que há um pote de ouro no final de cada um. Não só isso, mas que o pote de ouro é guardado por um duende traiçoeiro. A lenda é assim:
Era uma vez, os vikings viviam na Irlanda, saqueando e saqueando como quisessem, depois enterrando seus tesouros ilícitos por todo o campo. Quando eles finalmente partiram da Ilha Esmeralda, eles inadvertidamente deixaram para trás alguns de seus espólios, que os duendes encontraram. Agora, os duendes sabiam que os vikings haviam conseguido seus tesouros roubando, o que estava errado. Esse mau comportamento fez com que os duendes desconfiassem de todas as pessoas, vikings ou não. Para garantir que nenhum humano pudesse pegar o que agora consideravam seu ouro, os leprechauns o enterraram em potes subterrâneos por toda a ilha. Quando os arco-íris aparecem, eles sempre terminam em um local onde o pote de ouro de algum duende está enterrado [fonte: Mystical Myth ].
Aqui está o problema: os crentes que procuraram o lendário pote de ouro sempre acabam frustrados, porque nunca conseguem encontrar o fim do arco-íris. A razão para isso está na próxima página.
9: Arco-íris Formam Arcos Perfeitos

É verdade que os arco-íris parecem formar arcos perfeitamente arredondados. Mas, na realidade, os arco-íris formam círculos completos. Então por que não vemos círculos? Quando estamos no chão, só podemos ver a luz refletida pelas gotas de chuva acima do horizonte . Assim, não podemos ver a metade inferior e oculta de um arco-íris. Há uma maneira de ver um arco-íris de círculo completo, no entanto. Se você é um piloto ou passageiro em um avião ou helicóptero – e, portanto, pode ver abaixo do horizonte – você pode ver um arco-íris como um círculo completo. Às vezes, as pessoas que escalam montanhas altas também podem ver arco-íris circulares [fontes: Lewin , National Geographic ].
Como um arco-íris é um círculo, você nunca chegará ao fim ou ao fundo. Os arco-íris parecem se mover quando você o faz, porque a luz que forma o arco está sempre a uma distância e ângulo específicos de você [fonte: Howard ]. Lembra que dissemos anteriormente que os arco-íris eram ilusões de ótica? É por isso que você nunca encontrará seu pote de ouro, infelizmente.
8: Arco-íris Contêm Sete Cores

Este é um "mito" interessante, pois dependendo de como você o encara, pode ser considerado uma afirmação verdadeira ou falsa. Na escola você provavelmente aprendeu que as cores do arco-íris são (em ordem) vermelho, laranja, amarelo, verde, azul, índigo e violeta. Estas são, na verdade, as cores do espectro visível . O vermelho tem o comprimento de onda mais longo e o violeta o mais curto. (Alguns cientistas acham que o índigo é tão parecido com o azul que é indistinguível para a maioria das pessoas [fonte: National Geographic ].) Mas esses sete tons não são os únicos no mundo, é claro. Onde está o rosa, por exemplo? Ou marrom? Ou sálvia, aqua, celadon e coral?
Essas cores, e mais, estão realmente lá no arco-íris. Eles são apenas invisíveis. O arco-íris contém mais de 1 milhão de cores – isso mesmo, 1 milhão – em um continuum muito maior do que as sete míseras cores com as quais estamos familiarizados [fonte: Howard ]. Infelizmente, nossos observadores humanos não podem ver todos esses outros tons. Então, isso significa que os arco-íris os contêm ou não? Isso é para você debater.
7: Todo mundo vê o mesmo arco-íris

One of the more fascinating facts about rainbows is that no two people can see the exact same rainbow. You may think you're seeing the same thing; you might even describe the rainbow you're seeing to the friend next to you, who will agree that what she's seeing looks just like the one you described. But you're truly not seeing the same thing. Here's why:
When you're looking at a rainbow, you're looking at light that's reflected by raindrops sitting above the horizon. But your horizon is always different – albeit, sometimes only slightly different – from everyone else's, and vice versa. To put it a little differently, the center of the rainbow arc you're seeing sits on an imaginary line stretching from your eye to the sun . Since your eyes and those of someone else's, even someone next to you, can't be in the same place in space simultaneously, the two of you can never see the same rainbow. If that's not enough to ponder, consider this: Even our own two eyes see slightly different rainbows [sources: National Geographic, Rao, Science Kids].
6: Rainbows Only Appear With Rain

This seems to make sense – there's that word "rain" in "rainbow" after all. And with good reason. For a rainbow to be formed, there need to be water droplets in the air. Then, light has to shine through those droplets at just the right angle. If this happens – voilà! A rainbow!
But water droplets can be in the air for many other reasons. When it's misty outside or when there's overspray from, say, a waterfall or waves crashing against rocks; in foggy weather; around a fountain or even when it's dewy out. No matter what the source of the water droplets in the air, though, remember that the sun has to be at the proper angle – no higher than about 42 degrees of altitude – or the rainbow will be below the horizon and you most likely won't see it. If everything is in place, you still have to have the sunlight at your back in order to see the rainbow [sources: Edens, Rao].
5: Rainbows Only Appear During the Day

We've been talking about how water and sunlight are the ingredients for a rainbow. If this is the case, then it should follow that rainbows can only pop out during the day. But they can actually occur at night, too. An evening rainbow is called a moonbow, or lunar rainbow. Moonbows are created when light reflected by the moon hits water droplets in the air. Before you think a moonbow can't be a rainbow if it's made from water and moonlight (not sunlight), remember that moonlight is actually reflected sunlight; the moon doesn't give off any light [source: National Geographic].
For a moonbow to form there needs to be a full or nearly full moon . And, as we said earlier, some water in the air. Because tropical areas such as the Caribbean and Hawaii tend to have showers lasting well into the evening, moonbows most frequently appear in these locales. All of the same colors in a rainbow are present in a moonbow. But moonbows are pretty faint, since moonlight is so much dimmer than sunshine. Since our eyes can't perceive colors when the lighting is dim, we see moonbows as white. Interestingly, though, photos of moonbows do show their colors [sources: Live Science, National Geographic, Science Kids].
4: You Can't Create a Rainbow

Oh yes you can! You may have already done so as a kid and just forgot. All you need to do is turn on a garden hose , stand with your back to the sun, then adjust the hose's nozzle so the water comes out in a fine spray. Look closely – a rainbow will appear in the spray [source: Rao].
If you'd rather create a rainbow via a more official science experiment, gather a shallow pan, water, white paper and mirror . Fill the pan half-full with water, then set the mirror in the pan at an angle. Head outside (it has to be a sunny day) and adjust the pan so that the sunlight hits the portion of the mirror that's submerged in the water. Take your white piece of paper and hold it above the mirror, moving it to different angles until, magically, a rainbow appears on the paper. Only cloudy skies in your neck of the woods? Use a flashlight to replace the sun [source: Merali].
3: You Can't Make a Rainbow Disappear

Not only can you create rainbows, you can make them disappear too! And it doesn't involve something like chanting, "Rain, rain, go away. Come again another day!" All you have to do is grab a pair of polarized sunglasses , hold them in front of you vertically, and – poof – no more rainbow. What's going on?
Rainbows are highly polarized objects, which basically means their light waves are vibrating in one plane – in this case, a vertical one. Sunglasses are also polarized vertically. This is because they're created to block reflections and glare, which typically come off of pools of water and other flat surfaces, and are polarized horizontally. Horizontal light waves can't get through vertical polarizers. Thus, if you're wearing vertically polarized sunglasses, you can see vertically polarized rainbows. But turn those sunglasses on their side, effectively creating a horizontally polarized set of shades, and the rainbow's light waves will be blocked, causing the rainbow to mysteriously disappear [sources: Plait, Polarization].
2: Rainbows Appear Equally at Any Hour

You might think that your chances of seeing a rainbow have nothing to do with the time of day. After all, there can be rain, fog or mist followed by a burst of sunshine in the morning, noon or as evening approaches. This is true, yet showers (one of the most common rainbow precursors) are much more frequent in the late afternoon than they are in the early morning or midday, so rainbow sightings are more likely as the day is winding down. The sun is also at a more favorable angle then – 42 degrees or lower in the horizon [sources: Howard, Rao].
We should mention that this phenomenon mainly pertains to rainbows and the summer. In cooler months when the sun doesn't get as high, you might well see a rainbow in midday [source: KOMO News].
Storms typically move from the west to the east, while the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. So if it's raining in the morning, it will likely be raining in the west. Since the sun is in the east, any visible rainbows will be in the west (the sun has to be at your back in order to see a rainbow). In the late afternoon, the situation will be reversed. Now the sun is in the west, and any showers that pop up will hit your locale, then move to the east – the direction you'll need to be looking (with the sun at your back) if you want to spot a rainbow [source: Rao].
1: A Double Rainbow Is As Good As It Gets

Rainbows can multiply. Double, tertiary (triple) and quaternary (quadruple) rainbows all can occur. Double rainbows occur when light gets reflected twice inside water droplets. When this happens, the second rainbow appears above the main one and is fainter. Its colors are also reversed (red is on the inner section and violet on the outer arch) due to the second reflection [source: National Geographic].
A tertiary rainbow occurs when light is reflected a third time. But you have to be facing the sun to see one because the sun is its center. Tertiary rainbows are very difficult to notice partly because you're looking into the sun, and partly because they're quite faint and very broad. Even harder to see are quaternary rainbows, which form when light is reflected a fourth time. You also need to be facing the sun to spot these, and they're even fainter than tertiary rainbows [source: National Geographic].
And it doesn't stop there: Scientists have detected a 200th order rainbow (that's a rainbow with light reflected 200 times) in the lab!
So now it's time to confess. Were you stumped by any of these? If you weren't, I'd suggest investigating a career in meteorology.
Originally Published: Mar 13, 2015
Rainbow Myth FAQs
What order do the rainbow colors go in?
Are there really seven colors in the rainbow?
What happens when we see a rainbow?
What is the myth about rainbows?
What do rainbows symbolize?
Lots More Information
Author's Note: 10 Myths About Rainbows
I definitely learned a thing or two (or three or four) from researching this article. Now I'm on a mission to spot a moonbow. Guess that means I need to go to the Caribbean ...
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Sources
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- Edens, Harald. "Frequently asked questions about the rainbow." Weatherscapes. (Feb. 27, 2015) http://www.weatherscapes.com/techniques.php?cat=optics&page=rainbowfaq
- Howard, Jacqueline. "Two People Never See The Same Rainbow – And 6 More Amazing Facts About The Optical Phenomenon." The Huffington Post. Aug. 31, 2013. (Feb. 24, 2015) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/31/facts-about-rainbows_n_3779801.html
- Lewin, Adrienne Mand. "7 colorful facts you didn't know about rainbows." Today. June 21, 2012. (Feb. 25, 2015) http://www.today.com/id/47891913/ns/today-weather/t/colorful-facts-you-didnt-know-about-rainbows/#.VO6NeyyGNCA
- Mahlen, Gena. "How a Rainbow is Formed." (Feb. 27, 2015) http://faculty.cord.edu/manning/physics215/studentpages/genamahlen.html
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- Plait, Phil. "Polarized rainbow, what does this mean???" Discover Magazine. Aug. 18, 2011. (March 1, 2015) http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2011/08/18/polarized-rainbow-what-does-this-mean/#.VPMpVi6wjfY
- Polarization. Rainbow. "A Polarized Arch? Halos? Glories?" (March 1, 2015) https://www.polarization.com/rainbow/rainbow.html
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