10 berühmte Mütter

Blumen gehören in den Vereinigten Staaten am zweiten Sonntag im Mai zu den am häufigsten gekauften Artikeln. In der Tat ist der Muttertag wie der Schwarze Freitag der Blumenindustrie – allein im Jahr 2011 kauften mehr als 35 Prozent der amerikanischen Erwachsenen Blumen, um den Tag zu feiern [Quelle: Krause ]. Es ist auch der beliebteste Tag des Jahres für Leute, um in Restaurants zu speisen [Quelle: National Restaurant Association ]. Aber seltsamerweise würde die Frau , die für die Einführung des Muttertags verantwortlich ist, solche extravaganten Ausgaben wahrscheinlich nicht gutheißen.

Anna Jarvis organisierte die erste Muttertagsfeier am 10. Mai 1908 in Grafton, WV, um Familien zu ermutigen, ihre liebsten Mütter mit einfachen Zusammenkünften zu Hause zu ehren. Als der Feiertag in den folgenden Jahren schnell kommerzielle Aufmerksamkeit erregte, wurde Jarvis empört. Jarvis, weder Ehefrau noch Mutter, protestierte lautstark – und erfolglos – gegen Wohltätigkeitsveranstaltungen im Zusammenhang mit dem Muttertag und Blumen- und Süßigkeitenverkäufe [Quelle: Handwerk ]. Für sie lenkten die kulturellen Rituale, die mit dem Feiertag in Verbindung gebracht wurden, von ihrer anfänglichen Vision ab, demütige Dankbarkeit gegenüber Müttern und Großmüttern zu zeigen.

Aber angesichts der unglaublichen Leistungen, die Mütter, einschließlich der folgenden 10 berühmten Frauen, innerhalb und außerhalb des Hauses geleistet haben, ist es schwer zu widerstehen, mindestens einen Tag im Jahr alles für Mama zu tun.

1. Mary Wollstonecraft
2. Marie Curie
3. Josefine Bäcker
4. Florence Owens Thompson
5. Katharine Houghton Hepburn
6. Rosa Kennedy
7. Ma Barker
8. Coretta Scott King
9. Indira Gandhi
10. JK Rowling

Fünf Jahre bevor Mary Wollstonecraft 1792 ihre frühe feministische Abhandlung „Vindication of the Rights of Women“ veröffentlichte, veröffentlichte sie ihr erstes Buch, den kurzen „Thoughts on the Education of Daughters: with Reflections on Female Conduct in the more important Duties of Life“. " Wollstonecrafts erste Veröffentlichung konzentrierte sich auf ein Thema, das später in "Vindication ..." aufgegriffen wurde, und skizzierte ihre Theorien zur Erziehung von Frauen zu vernünftigen Denkern und nicht nur zu Ehefrauen und Müttern im Entstehen [Quelle: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ]. In einer Zeit, in der sich die Ehe hauptsächlich um Reichtum und Besitz drehte und Frauen wenig Autonomie und wenige gesetzliche Rechte genossen, war ihre Forderung nach Geschlechtergerechtigkeit radikal.

Wollstonecraft hatte keine Chance, ihre eigenen beiden Töchter Fanny und Mary zu erziehen; 1797 starb sie bei der Geburt [Quelle: Brooklyn Museum ]. Ihr schriftstellerisches Talent gab sie jedoch an Mary weiter, die schließlich das literarische Juwel und den Horrorklassiker „Frankenstein“ schrieb.

Ève Curie Labouisse hat ihre Mutter während ihrer Kindheit nicht oft zu Hause gesehen [Quelle: Fox ]. Und das ist nicht verwunderlich, denn Marie Curie war auf dem besten Weg, 1911 den Nobelpreis für Chemie zu erhalten, eine Ehre, die ihr zuteil wurde, als ihre jüngere Tochter Ève 7 Jahre alt war. Das war natürlich nicht der einzige Nobelpreis, den der polnische Physiker mit nach Hause brachte. 1903 erhielt Curie gemeinsam mit ihrem Mann Pierre den Nobelpreis für Physik, mit dem sie die radioaktiven Isotope Polonium und Radium isolierte.

Nachdem Pierre 1906 von einem Pferdewagen angefahren und getötet worden war, widmete Curie mehr Zeit der Erforschung der Radioaktivität als der Aufzucht von Ève und ihrer älteren Schwester Irène, aber ihre Karriere hinterließ eindeutig einen Eindruck auf beide Töchter. Obwohl Ève Curie sich eher den freien Künsten als der Wissenschaft widmete, veröffentlichte sie 1943 eine Bestseller-Biographie ihrer Mutter. Irène Curies Erwachsenenleben spiegelte weitgehend das ihrer berühmten Mutter wider: Die ältere Tochter studierte Radioaktivität an der Seite von Marie Curie und erhielt gemeinsam mit ihr den Nobelpreis für Physik ihr Mann, Frédéric Joliot, im Jahr 1935 [Quelle: Nobelpreis ]. Sowohl Marie als auch Irène starben auch an Leukämie, von der einige vermuten, dass sie auf ihre Wechselwirkungen im Labor mit radioaktiven Materialien zurückzuführen war [Quelle: Fox ].

When Josephine Baker's popularity began to wane in the 1950s from its red-hot heights 20 years prior, she launched herself into a new venture. In 1954, at an appearance in Copenhagen, the dancer and aging sex symbol explained her desire to adopt "five little boys" from around the world to symbolize race-blind brotherhood [source: Theile]. Ten years later at her home in France, nicknamed "The world capital of brotherhood," that initial vision had multiplied to 10 boys and two girls from various countries: Japan, Finland, Columbia, France, Algeria, Ivory Coast, Venezuela and Morocco [source: Eburne]. Baker referred to her ethnically eclectic brood as the "Rainbow Tribe."

While Baker continued to tour and hobnob with famous friends, her husband, Jo Bouillon, oversaw the children's upbringing at the couple's sprawling chateau. But despite what sounds like a fairytale setup, the 12 kids slept together in a single attic room, and were regularly put on display for paying tourists [source: Theile]. By 1975, when Josephine Baker died, her husband had long since left her. She had also lost the chateau in 1969 due to the astronomical cost of keeping up her lavish lifestyle and rearing a dozen boys and girls -- all of whom scattered around the globe to various boarding schools or to live with Bouillon after their home was taken away. And in a somber testament to her questionable decisions as an adoptive mother, such as putting them on display for tourists, only one of her children has since returned to the "Rainbow Tribe's" original stomping grounds at the French chateau, where Josephine Baker's grand maternal experiment quickly soured.

In 1936, Florence Owens Thompson unwittingly became the face of the Great Depression. That's when photographer Dorothea Lange snapped the black-and-white picture of a worried-looking Thompson and handed it over to the San Francisco News. Working for the U.S. government's Resettlement Administration that was formed to assist migrant farm workers, Lange encountered Thompson and her destitute family at a pea picker encampment in Nipomo, Calif. News wires quickly began republishing the iconic portrait, later entitled "Migrant Mother," as an illustration of the severe poverty that had left Thompson and other Americans on the brink of starvation. In Lange's field notes, she said that Thompson and her family were "living on frozen vegetables from the surrounding fields, and birds that the children killed" [source: Library of Congress].

Lange failed to get the woman 's name, and it wasn't until 1975 that Florence Owens Thompson publicly identified herself. Four years later, photographer Bill Ganzel tracked down Thompson and her three daughters also shown in "Migrant Mother" and recaptured family that had barely survived the Great Depression, grown up and plump with no trace of Depression poverty and starvation in their aging figures. Although Thompson never reaped any profits from the picture, the federal government delivered 22,000 pounds (9,979 kilograms) of food to the pea picker encampment soon after its publication in 1936 [source: Maksel].

Though not as famous as her movie star daughter, Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn left behind a considerable legacy when she died in 1951. Following her own mother's succinct deathbed advice to pursue an education, Hepburn earned a bachelor's degree in political science and history in 1899 and a masters in chemistry and physics in 1900 -- both from Bryn Mawr college -- which was an uncommon academic achievement for a woman at the time [source: Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame]. Less than a decade later, she became an active suffragette , picketing for women's right to vote and later championing access to birth control .

After forging a friendship with Planned Parenthood founder Margaret Sanger, Hepburn helped lobby the U.S. government to loosen its restrictions on birth control clinics and sex education by working with the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control in the 1930s [source: Margaret Sanger Papers Project]. Back then, birth control and abortion rights were even more controversial than today, but Hepburn was unfazed by the unpopularity of her pro-birth control politics and the accusations of moral depravity critics hurled at her [source: Bennetts]. At home, Hepburn and her husband educated their six children about women's rights and sexual health, and one of these kids, Katharine Hepburn -- the eventual Hollywood icon -- worked alongside Planned Parenthood later, in her adult life.

Rose Kennedy's long life was dominated by politics from start to finish. The matriarch of America's most famous political dynasty with three sons who rose to prominence in the U.S. government, she grew up while her father, John F. "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald, served as a congressman and, later, mayor of Boston in the early 1900s. When she raised her own large family of nine children, Rose Kennedy approached her mothering duties almost like a sports team manager, keeping itemized records of everything from kids' dental visits down to their shoe sizes [source: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]. On a 1936 calendar, Kennedy jotted down, "I looked upon child rearing as a profession" [source: Cullen]. In recognition of her devout Catholic faith and maternal attentiveness, the Vatican endowed her with the title "papal countess" in 1951 [source: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum].

Making it to 104 years of age, Kennedy outlived four of her nine children, all of whom died in tragic circumstances. Her oldest son, Joseph, was killed in action in World War II in 1944, and her daughter Kathleen died in a plane crash four years later. John and Robert were both assassinated in 1963 and 1968, respectively.

Arizona Donnie Clark was born in 1872 in Springfield, Mo., but when she died in an FBI shootout in 1935, she went down as "Ma" Barker. Ma and her husband, George Barker, had four sons -- Herman, Lloyd, Fred and Arthur -- who started out as delinquent boys and then began a criminal gang , traveling around the Midwest committing payroll, post office and bank robberies during the 1920s and 1930s [source: Jensen]. After years of her sons doing jail time and dodging arrests, the FBI finally caught up with Ma and Fred in 1935 hiding out in Florida, and the pair went down with guns blazing. The FBI had previously named Ma Barker a "female public enemy" for her alleged involvement in helping plot her sons' criminal escapades and dodging law enforcement officials [source: Jensen].

Due to the potential controversy of killing 63-year-old woman, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover helped craft the public image of Ma Barker as the mastermind behind her sons' misdeeds [source: American Experience]. Subsequent accounts from affiliated gang members later discredited that portrayal, asserting that the boys sent Ma to the movies during their law-breaking schemes. Nevertheless, Barker remains memorialized as the crime-loving mama who died with a tommy gun in her left hand [source: Jensen].

When civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, Tenn., in 1968, the tragedy left Coretta Scott King with two overwhelming burdens. Upon her husband's death, the widow King immediately became a single mother of four children -- Yolanda, Martin, Dexter and Bernice -- and the torchbearer of her late spouse's nationwide movement for racial equality.

Compared at times to Jackie Kennedy, who was similarly widowed in 1963, King balanced a public life of travel and speaking engagements while maintaining a home life for her children. Meanwhile, she successfully lobbied the U.S. Congress to establish a federal holiday commemorating her husband's life and work, which President Ronald Reagan signed into existence in 1983 [source: Applebome]. And back in Atlanta, she founded The King Center to promote the type of non-violent social change famously espoused by Martin Luther King Jr. Since Coretta Scott King's death in 2006, her children have squabbled over control of their family's legacy and The King Center, which has attracted criticism. Still, every third Monday in January -- reserved for MLK Day -- is nevertheless a testament to this wife and mother's tireless dedication to human rights and her husband's lasting imprint on history.

Even before she became prime minister of India, Indira Gandhi seemed to value her burgeoning political career -- facilitated by her then-prime minister father, Jawaharlal Nehru -- over preserving her marriage . In March 1942, the 24-year-old got hitched to Feroze Gandhi and had two sons with him, Rajiv and Sanjay, in the following four years. But the union deteriorated as she devoted a majority of her time to assisting her widower father, who had become India's first prime minister after the nation declared its independence from Great Britain in 1947 [source: Charlton]. But even though Gandhi didn't relish the role of wife, she merged her political and maternal roles, grooming her younger son, Sanjay, as her successor and chief political adviser during her three successive terms in office from 1966 to 1977. Soon after she was elected to a fourth term, however, Sanjay died in a 1980 plane crash .

Partly due to such nepotism , Gandhi left behind a muddied legacy when she was assassinated in 1984. Also, in the mid-70s, she postponed elections, imprisoned opponents and restricted civil liberties to thwart the Indian high court from suspending her political participation as punishment for election fraud [source: Encyclopædia Britannica]. The night before she was shot and killed, Gandhi prophetically told a crowd "If I die today, every drop of my blood will invigorate the nation" [source: BBC]. Her eldest son, Rajiv Gandhi, was then overwhelmingly voted into office, as his mother would've wished.

British author J.K. Rowling's one major regret regarding her wildly popular "Harry Potter" series: not telling her mother about the fantastical books that she began writing in 1990 [source: Celizic]. Rowling's mother died of multiple sclerosis before "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" was published in 1997, and the loss compelled Rowling to continue crafting the whimsical world of Hogwarts and wizardry while battling clinical depression and facing dire financial straits as a single mother. Her persistence clearly paid off -- big time. Finally completing the seventh and final volume, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows," in 2007, Rowling became the "first female billionaire novelist," as reported by Forbes magazine in 2011 [source: Forbes].

In 2001, Rowling remarried and later gave birth to two more children, but she didn't forget her bleak period in the early 1990s as a struggling single mom. In a 2010 column for the Times of London entitled "Single Mother's Manifesto," Rowling praised Britain's child welfare system that served as a "safety net" until Harry Potter waved his magic wand of fortune on her and her daughter Jessica's lives [source: Fisher].

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