10 ชนพื้นเมืองอเมริกันที่มีชื่อเสียง

These Native Americans tried various tactics to deal with the European intruders. They tried talking it out, bu­t most of the settlers were afraid of these seemingly primitive people. They tried living harmoniously, by signing tr­eaties for shared land, but the U.S. government had a knack for going back on its word. They even resorted to fighting and won some victories, though the war would eventually be lost along with nearly all of the land they had left.

­Despite the hardships, some heroes emerged. The following figures represent the hundreds of tribal leaders who did everything they could to preserve the history and culture of their threatened people.

1. Gall
2. Makhpiya-Luta, aka Red Cloud
3. Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt, aka Joseph the Younger
4. Tashunca-uitco, aka Crazy Horse
5. Geronimo
6. John Ross
7. Pontiac
8. Sequoyah, aka George Guess, aka Sogwali
9. Tecumseh
10. Tatanka Iyotaka, aka Sitting Bull

This Lakota leader played a major role in the Lakotas' long war against the United States. As a Hunkpapa Teton Sioux leader, he also served as commander of the Native American cavalry forces at the Battle of Little Bighorn. Gall was one of the most aggressive Sioux leaders in the final battles for preservation and resistance, though his story is not without controversy. Though he was Sitting Bull's chief military lieutenant during the Little Bighorn battle, he quarreled with Sitting Bull and retreated to Canada shortly thereafter. His talks with settlers did much to improve relations between the groups, but some felt he conceded too much and befriended too many white leaders. Regardless, Gall was integral to the history of the Native American plight.

เกือบตลอดชีวิตของเขา Red Cloud กำลังต่อสู้ ในตอนแรกมันเป็นการปกป้องชาว Oglala ของเขาจากเผ่า Pawnee และ Crow แต่เมื่อถึงวัยสี่สิบ Cloud Red กำลังต่อสู้กับชายผิวขาว ความพยายามของเขานำไปสู่ความพ่ายแพ้ของ Fort Phil Kearny ใน Wyoming ในปี 1867 และทำให้ทหารอยู่ในอ่าว (และด้วยความกลัว) ตลอดฤดูหนาวที่เหลือ ในสองปีถัดมา รัฐบาลได้ลงนามในสนธิสัญญา Fort Laramie และมอบที่ดินให้กับชนพื้นเมืองอเมริกันในไวโอมิง มอนแทนา และเซาท์ดาโคตา แต่หลังจากนั้นไม่นาน Black Hills ก็ถูกรุกราน และ Red Cloud และผู้คนของเขาสูญเสียดินแดนของพวกเขา จนกระทั่งเขาเสียชีวิตในปี พ.ศ. 2452 Red Cloud ได้พยายามใช้วิธีอื่นเพื่อสร้างสันติภาพและรักษาวัฒนธรรมของประชาชน โดยทำงานร่วมกับเจ้าหน้าที่ของรัฐและตัวแทนเพื่อบรรลุข้อตกลงที่ยุติธรรม

โจเซฟผู้น้อง (หรือที่เรียกกันว่าหัวหน้าโจเซฟ) เกิดในปี พ.ศ. 2383 ในรัฐโอเรกอนตอนนี้ มีรองเท้าขนาดใหญ่ให้เติม พ่อของเขาชื่อโจเซฟผู้เฒ่าได้เปลี่ยนมานับถือศาสนาคริสต์ในปี พ.ศ. 2381 เพื่อพยายามสร้างสันติภาพกับผู้ตั้งถิ่นฐานผิวขาว ดูเหมือนว่าความพยายามของบิดาของเขาจะได้ผล เพราะชาว Nez Percé ของเขาได้รับที่ดินในไอดาโฮ แต่ในปี พ.ศ. 2406 รัฐบาลสหรัฐฯ ได้ยึดที่ดินคืน และบิดาของโจเซฟผู้น้องได้เผาพระคัมภีร์ไบเบิลและธงของเขา และปฏิเสธที่จะลงนามในสนธิสัญญาใหม่ใดๆ เมื่อโจเซฟรับตำแหน่งต่อจากบิดาในฐานะหัวหน้าเผ่าในปี พ.ศ. 2414 เห็นได้ชัดว่าเขาต้องรับมือกับสถานการณ์ที่ค่อนข้างละเอียดอ่อน ในที่สุดเขาก็ตกลงที่จะย้ายคนของเขาไปยังเขตสงวนที่เล็กกว่าในไอดาโฮ แต่ไม่เคยทำสำเร็จ พวกเขาถูกทหารผิวขาวโจมตี ตอบโต้ และจัดการกับความโกรธแค้นของรัฐบาล ในการต่อสู้ที่น่าประทับใจ ชนพื้นเมืองอเมริกัน 700 คนต่อสู้ 2,000 ดอลลาร์สหรัฐ

At the tender age of 13, this legendary warrior was stealing horses from neighboring tribes. By the time he was 20, Crazy Horse was leading his first war party under the instruction of Chief Red Cloud. The Lakota warrior spent his life fighting for the preservation of his people's way of life. He amassed more than 1,200 warriors to help Sitting Bull defeat General Crook in 1876. After that, Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse joined forces, eventually defeating Custer at Little Bighorn. Crazy Horse continued to tirelessly defend his people's rights, but by 1877, there was little fight left in him. When trying to get to his sick wife, Crazy Horse was killed with a bayonet.

Historical figures are often described with embellishment, but rarely are they mythologized to Geronimo's levels. Geronimo's wife, children, and mother were killed by Mexicans in 1858. He led many attacks on both Mexican and American settlers and was known for his legendary war skills -- some even said he was impervious to bullets. But later in life, this fearless leader of the Chiricahua tribe of the North American Apache was forced to settle on a reservation, his group having dwindled to just a few people. He eventually died a prisoner of war in 1909 and is buried in Oklahoma.

Though only one-eighth Cherokee, John Ross served as a chief in the Cherokee Nation from 1828 until his death in 1866. Over the years, Ross served as a translator for missionaries, a liaison between the Cherokee people and Washington politicians, and owned a farm (and slaves) in North Carolina. By the early 1820s, things did not look good for the Cherokee people. Ross took legal action to try to prevent the forced exile of the tribe.

He was president of the Cherokee Constitutional Convention of 1827 and, for the next ten years, worked with the U.S. government and his people to seek assistance and justice for the Cherokee. Even though several court rulings found the Cherokee to be the rightful owners of land, they weren't enforced, and, slowly but surely, Ross's efforts went largely unrewarded. Ross is known for leading the Cherokee to Oklahoma in 1838 on what is commonly referred to as the "Trail of Tears ."

Not much is known about Pontiac's early life, but it is believed that he was born in the Detroit or Maumee River region to Ottawan parents, and, by age 30, he was a prominent figure within his tribe. After the French and Indian War, Pontiac was none too pleased with the British and their trading policies. He responded with widespread attacks against British forts and settlements in the Ohio region during 1763, which came to be known as Pontiac's Rebellion. However, neighboring tribes and other Native American leaders didn't like the way Pontiac conducted himself. Some felt he used a fake title of "chief" given to him by the white man to exert influence and enjoy undue power. Pontiac was killed by a member of the Peoria tribe in 1769.

If it weren't for Sequoyah, a huge piece of Native American culture might be missing. Thanks to this Cherokee born around 1766, the Cherokee language is not a mystery. Sequoyah created the syllabary, or syllable alphabet, for his people and taught the Cherokee how to read and write. The ability to communicate via the written word helped make the Cherokee Nation a leader among tribes everywhere. The giant sequoia tree is named after the man who felt that the pen would outlast the sword -- and he was right. Sequoyah died in 1843 of natural causes.

While Tecumseh , a Shawnee chief, was no stranger to battle, he is more often recognized for his diplomatic efforts in the Native American plight. Born in Ohio in the late 1760s, Tecumseh was an impressive and charismatic orator. In 1809, when the Treaty of Fort Wayne signed over 2.5 million acres to the United States, Tecumseh was outraged. He tried to get all the Native American nations to join together, claiming that the land belonged to the people who were there first, and no one tribe could buy or sell any part of it. Tecumseh's hopes were to create solidarity among all native peoples, but the idea came too late. Eventually, Tecumseh joined forces with the British and was killed in battle in 1813.

The principal chief of the Dakota Sioux was fierce, determined, and less than forgiving of the white miners who tried to take over the Black Hills in the late 1870s. Sitting Bull was born in 1831 and, while he earned a reputation for being ruthless in the Native American resistance efforts of his younger days, his big moment came in 1876. Trying to protect their land, Sitting Bull and his men defeated Custer's troops at the Battle of Little Bighorn. Sitting Bull then escaped to Canada. In 1881, he returned to America on the promise of a pardon, which he received. The legendary warrior then joined Buffalo Bill 's Wild West Show, showcasing his riding skills and hunting prowess. But when he died at 69, Sitting Bull was still advising his people to hold on to their land and their heritage.

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