
The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) calls itself "the world's largest law office." But that doesn't fully convey the scope of a government entity with a $29.2 billion budget and more than 115,000 employees, and an organizational chart that includes more than three dozen different offices, divisions and law enforcement agencies. It handles responsibilities ranging from enforcing civil rights and environmental laws to regulating explosives and evaluating Americans' loss and injury claims for damages from terrorist attacks . It also operates prisons and is involved in counterespionage.
สิ่งที่น่าทึ่งอย่างยิ่งเมื่อพิจารณาจากแผนกเริ่มต้นในปี 2413 ประกอบด้วยทนายความเพียงคนเดียวซึ่งเป็นทหารผ่านศึกในสงครามกลางเมืองที่เกิดในรัฐเคนตักกี้และผู้สมัครวุฒิสภาสหรัฐที่ไม่ประสบความสำเร็จชื่อเบนจามินเฮล์มบริสโตว์ซึ่งได้รับการแต่งตั้งโดยประธานาธิบดียูลิสซิสเอส. แกรนท์เป็นคนแรกของประเทศ ทนายความทั่วไป (ต่อมาเขาดำรงตำแหน่งเลขาธิการกระทรวงการคลังของ Grant)
"สิ่งที่เกิดขึ้นคือกระทรวงยุติธรรมขยายตัวในช่วงหลายทศวรรษที่ผ่านมาเมื่อขอบเขตของกฎหมายของรัฐบาลกลางและกฎระเบียบของรัฐบาลกลางขยายออกไป" แจ็คเอ็ม. แบร์มันน์อธิบาย เขาเป็นศาสตราจารย์ด้านกฎหมายของมหาวิทยาลัยบอสตันและเป็นผู้เชี่ยวชาญด้านการฟ้องร้องคดีสิทธิพลเมืองและกฎหมายปกครอง "มันค่อนข้างขนานไปกับการขยายตัวนั้น"
วันนี้ "หน่วยงานของรัฐบาลกลางส่วนใหญ่ไม่สามารถขึ้นศาลได้หากไม่ได้รับอนุญาตและการมีส่วนร่วมของ DOJ" Beermann กล่าว หน่วยงานเหล่านั้นขึ้นอยู่กับสำนักงานกฎหมายของประเทศในการบังคับใช้กฎระเบียบของพวกเขาและเพื่อปกป้องพวกเขาจากความท้าทายทางกฎหมาย
ส่วนต่างๆของ DOJ
องค์กรของกระทรวงยุติธรรมค่อนข้างซับซ้อนและประกอบด้วยองค์กรหลายประเภท (นี่คือรายชื่อของพวกเขา) ส่วนที่สำคัญอย่างหนึ่งของ DOJ คือเครือข่ายของทนายความสหรัฐ 93คนหนึ่งคนสำหรับแต่ละเขตการพิจารณาคดี (ยกเว้นเกาะกวมและหมู่เกาะนอร์เทิร์นมาเรียนาซึ่งเป็นเขตแยกกัน แต่มีอัยการสหรัฐร่วมกัน) บทบาทของพวกเขาคือการฟ้องร้องคดีอาญาฟ้องร้องทางแพ่งที่เกี่ยวข้องกับรัฐบาลกลางและช่วยในการรวบรวมหนี้ที่ค้างอยู่ในสหรัฐฯทนายความของสหรัฐฯเป็นผู้ได้รับการแต่งตั้งเป็นประธานาธิบดี (ซึ่งบางคนวิพากษ์วิจารณ์ว่าเป็นการทำให้ระบบยุติธรรมเป็นการเมือง) แต่พวกเขามีเจ้าหน้าที่อาชีพทนายความ ทำงานภายใต้พวกเขา
นอกจากนี้ DOJ ยังมีหน่วยงานที่แตกต่างกันแปดหน่วยงานซึ่งจัดการพื้นที่ต่างๆของกฎหมาย:
- Antitrust Division: This division, which dates back to President Theodore Roosevelt's efforts to curb the power of Gilded Age tycoons back in the early 1900s, enforces laws meant to ensure fair business competition and prevent monopolies.
- Civil Division: These attorneys represent the U.S. in civil lawsuits in a wide range of areas, from consumer protection to compensating victims of radiation exposure.
- Civil Rights Division: This division enforces laws that protect Americans' rights to voting, housing, access to credit, and unimpeded access to reproductive health clinics. It's also charged with protecting the rights of people with disabilities.
- Criminal Division: This division supervises investigations and prosecutions of crimes that don't fall under the responsibility of Antitrust, Civil Rights and other divisions. This includes drug trafficking, organized crime, child exploitation, the bribing of politicians, computer hacking and other criminal activity.
- Environment and Natural Resources Division: This division's responsibilities include filing lawsuits to enforce rules on pesticide use, hazardous waste cleanup, air pollution, mining and other environmental issues.
- Justice Management Division: This division handles budgetary and financial management, training, information processing and other nuts-and-bolts aspects of running DOJ.
- Tax Division: This division works with the Internal Revenue Service to catch tax cheats, and handles lawsuits involving tax refunds, bankruptcies and other related issues.
- National Security Division: This division handles intelligence activities, representing the U.S. government in the secret court proceedings on surveillance of suspected spies and terrorists. It also assists in developing strategies for fighting cyber-espionage, unauthorized disclosure of classified information, and oversight of registered foreign agents in the U.S.
In addition, DOJ has multiple additional offices, which handle a variety of issues ranging from pardons and tribal justice to violence against women, immigration-related litigation and the apprehension, punishment and tracking of sex offenders.
DOJ also includes multiple law enforcement agencies, ranging from the FBI and the Drug Enforcement Administration to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). It also includes the Bureau of Prisons, which runs the nation's federal correctional facilities.
How DOJ Got So Big
Before there was a Department of Justice, "each district had a U.S. attorney, a local who would bring whatever litigation was necessary, whether it was criminal or civil," says Beermann. This worked fine, because "the scope of federal law was small at that time." When the U.S. attorneys needed help, they hired private attorneys to represent the government. But eventually, their fees got too expensive.
"After the Civil War, especially because of civil rights cases, there was a big increase in hiring outside lawyers to help with these cases," Beermann says. "That was a big concern, because the government was trying to cope with a huge debt from the Civil War. So [Congress] decided to start a Department of Justice."
At first, DOJ consisted of just a single lawyer, the Solicitor General, who today represents the U.S. government at the Supreme Court, in addition to deciding when the federal government should appeal cases that it loses in the lower courts. But others gradually were added. Today the DOJ is headed by the Attorney General. Two key positions under the AG are Deputy Attorney General, whose duties range from managing the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force to making recommendations about pardons, and Associate Attorney General, who supervises divisions handling civil rights, tax, environmental, natural resources, antitrust and civil litigation. DOJ also added an array of different offices, boards, divisions and agencies within the Department, as the DOJ website notes.

As the scope of federal law and the DOJ grew, some of its turf overlapped with state attorneys general and local district attorneys.
"A lot of federal law is superimposed on state law that regulates similar issues — drug crimes, regulation of drug abuse and distribution and possession, and a lot of the financial fraud areas," Beermann says. In some cases, that's because both criminal activity and regulated commerce are stretched across state lines. If multiple states are affected by the same issue, "the most efficient method or regulation is to do it federally," according to Beermann.
In addition to the expanding legal practice, in the 1900s the DOJ began including new federal law enforcement agencies, so that it began investigating crimes and building cases against offenders, as well as trying them in court. One of these agencies was the FBI, which grew out of the force of Special Agents created by Theodore Roosevelt's Attorney General, Charles Bonaparte, in 1908. (Before that time, the Department of Justice used the Secret Service's investigators, part of the Treasury Department.)
How the Pieces Fit Together
With DOJ's sprawling scale and diverse responsibilities, many of its parts function semi-independently of one another. According to Beermann, there are silo divisions in DOJ that focus on their own areas of jurisdiction and expertise, and divisions that don't talk to other divisions much. "But they do have centralized control," he says. "There will be an assistant AG who heads that division and takes direction from the Attorney General about priorities."
DOJ officials often have considerable discretion about deciding which cases to pursue, and which to appeal or settle. "The attorney general sets the parameters, then leaves it to subordinates to carry out," Beermann says. There are certain exceptions – federal prosecutors who want to pursue the death penalty against a defendant, for example, have to get approval from the Attorney General. But generally, that system works pretty cohesively. "All in the people in DOJ understand their mission," Beermann says. "You rarely hear controversies in DOJ about what cases should be brought."
Sometimes, though, there's more disagreement with DOJ decisions from federal agencies that DOJ lawyers represent in court. While briefs filed by DOJ on behalf of agencies usually bear the signatures of both agency and DOJ lawyers, "once in a while you'll see one only signed by the Solicitor General, because agency lawyers don't agree," Beermann says.
Now That's Interesting
The only U.S. Attorney General to serve a prison sentence was John N. Mitchell, Richard Nixon's friend and confidant, who was indicated in 1974 on charges of conspiracy, perjury and obstruction of justice in connection with the Watergate scandal. He served 19 months in a minimum-security prison before being released for medical reasons, according to his 1988 Washington Post obituary.