Come funziona Al-Qaida 3.0

Dec 20 2012
La rete terroristica responsabile dell'11 settembre esiste da decenni, ma ha subito una rapida transizione dopo la morte del suo leader originario, Osama bin Laden. Che aspetto ha il terzo atto per al-Qaida?
Dopo la morte del leader di al-Qaeda Osama bin Laden, nel maggio 2011, l'organizzazione terroristica ha subito una rapida transizione verso quella che potresti chiamare al-Qaeda 3.0.

Al-Qaida ha sempre voluto avere una lunga portata. Quando Osama bin Laden fondò il gruppo in risposta alla guerra sovietico-afghana, voleva creare una rete terroristica che non si limitasse a combattere oa creare un governo regionale.

Invece, gli obiettivi di al-Qaeda erano essenzialmente di effettuare attacchi terroristici e distruggere le influenze occidentali (che includevano principalmente gli Stati Uniti e l'Europa) che vedeva come una forza corruttrice della società e del governo islamico.

Nonostante la sua enorme presenza globale, l'organizzazione non è esattamente un monolito con un ufficio aziendale. Nonostante la diffusa infamia di al-Qaida, la distinzione tra gruppi come i talebani, al-Shabab e persino ciò che oggi è noto come al-Qaida nel Maghreb islamico (AQIM) richiede una certa sottigliezza.

La maggior parte delle sfumature si sono sviluppate dopo bin Laden. Al-Qaeda ha attraversato diverse iterazioni distinte, dalla fazione antisovietica nella guerra sovietico-afghana degli anni '80 alla vasta rete terroristica globale che ha attaccato gli Stati Uniti l'11 settembre , alle cellule ragnatele e connesse che sono apparse durante il agitazione della primavera araba.

Nelle prossime pagine approfondiremo non solo la nascita e l'adolescenza di al-Qaeda, ma anche come la morte di bin Laden nel 2011 abbia spinto l'organizzazione terroristica a una sorta di terzo atto.

Mentre vedremo come i loro obiettivi hanno subito uno spostamento funzionale per includere l'attività regionale, rimane: l'obiettivo organizzativo di al-Qaeda è distruggere la minaccia che l'Occidente presenta al mondo musulmano, ad ogni costo. Uccidere e combattere i nemici, quindi, diventa un male necessario per raggiungere quell'obiettivo. Al-Qaida ha un'interpretazione sunnita estremamente rigida dell'Islam, e chiunque esca da questa definizione - sciiti, sunniti meno severi e, ovviamente, non musulmani - è anche bollato come eretico e nemico [fonte: MI5 ] .

Allora come si è sviluppata una delle reti terroristiche più temute al mondo?

Contenuti
  1. Origini di Al-Qaeda
  2. Post-Bin Laden (3.0)
  3. La struttura di Al-Qaeda
  4. Al-Qaida così com'è

Origini di Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaida è praticamente iniziata con quest'uomo.

La storia di Al-Qaida non è antica; è stato avviato nel 1988, alla fine della guerra sovietico-afghana. Il nativo saudita Osama bin Laden era stato un forte sostenitore dei combattenti afgani antisovietici, e dopo il conflitto era ansioso di creare una rete affiliata di estremisti islamici che si erano uniti durante la guerra [fonte: MI5 ].

Questa missione internazionale era insolita. In generale, la maggior parte dei gruppi di estremisti islamici erano legati a cause locali. Dal 1990 al 1996, l'influenza di al-Qaida non è stata molto forte; L'Arabia Saudita aveva revocato la cittadinanza a bin Laden e la base di al-Qaeda si è spostata in Sudan. Ma bin Laden ha continuato a vedere l'Occidente (in particolare gli Stati Uniti) come la forza corruttrice nel mondo musulmano. Dopo essersi trasferito in Afghanistan, nel 1996 al-Qaeda ha emesso una "dichiarazione di guerra" contro gli Stati Uniti.

Fu in Afghanistan che al-Qaeda iniziò a costruire una seria infrastruttura e seguirono gli attacchi terroristici . Le imboscate di Al-Qaida alle ambasciate in Kenya e Tanzania, così come alla USS Cole in Yemen, hanno ucciso centinaia di persone [fonte: MI5 ]. Questi attentati stabilirono anche un modus operandi per gli agenti di al-Qaeda: vittime di massa attraverso missioni suicide.

È durante il periodo dal 1996 al 2001 che al-Qaeda ha stretto anche un rapporto chiave con i talebani in Afghanistan. Inizialmente, i combattenti di al-Qaeda con base in Arabia (di cui c'erano solo circa 30 che arrivarono per la prima volta in Afghanistan) e i talebani afgani erano diffidenti l'uno verso l'altro - ancora una volta, i talebani erano una delle organizzazioni che avevano scarso interesse per la "lontano nemico" dell'Occidente [fonte: Dreyfuss ]. Ma quando al-Qaida ha guadagnato potere e struttura, i talebani hanno accettato di ospitare bin Laden e l'organizzazione in Afghanistan [fonte: Dreyfuss ].

Mentre l' 11 settembre è stato certamente il pezzo forte di al-Qaeda, gli eventi del settembre 2011 hanno anche gettato l'organizzazione in una folle corsa. L'invasione dell'Afghanistan sponsorizzata dagli Stati Uniti ha portato al rovesciamento dei talebani e l'infrastruttura di al-Qaeda era in rovina poiché i suoi membri sono stati costretti a fuggire verso il confine tra Pakistan e Afghanistan (e nella regione selvaggia). Insieme a un'interruzione della comunicazione, è stato improvvisamente molto difficile reperire denaro poiché la comunità internazionale ha represso le vie di finanziamento.

Il che ci porta alla morte di Osama bin Laden e ad al-Qaida 3.0.

Post-Bin Laden (3.0)

An image of peace from 2011's Arab spring. Here, a demonstrator places a flower in the barrel of a soldier's rifle after the ousting of Tunisia's then-president Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali. The Arab spring also created opportunities for groups like al-Qaida.

When Osama bin Laden was killed in 2011 , the structure of the organization had to go through a rapid transition. Formerly a hierarchy -- one where bin Laden had the final word on any operation -- there was now a void at the top. Combined with the loss of financing, the vision that once set apart al-Qaida from other Islamic extremist groups began to blur. Attacking foreign targets seemed a lot less practical than carrying out smaller terror operations on objectives in local networks.

As we said in the introduction, al-Qaida wants to replace secular states with extreme Islamic leadership and law. While before the means for doing this was to declare a holy war with the West and U.S., post-bin Laden has seen a marked shift in al-Qaida's spread (if not its message, which has remained steadily anti-Western). But that doesn't mean that the group is no longer a threat.

Consider that bin Laden's death wasn't the only momentous event in the Muslim world in 2011; the Arab spring also threw Islamic nations into upheaval. That upheaval could be quite fortunate for al-Qaida, as it provided an unstable, leaderless environment for loose terror networks to spread. While the decentralization of the organization doesn't lend itself to the bigger, bolder planned international attacks of the past, it does provide fertile ground for smaller cells to take hold and grow in unstable areas.

For example, al-Qaida has a fixed stand in Somalia, where it has partnered with al-Shabab (a strict Islamic extremist group that wrested some control of Somalia in 2009 during the Somali civil war). This also holds true for Yemen, where al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) flourished when al-Qaida members in Saudi Arabia escaped across the Yemeni border and stayed for the instability of the Arab spring. Countries like Mali, Nigeria and Algeria are all vulnerable to the group's influence, because of the weak leadership that's endemic to African nations that face extreme poverty and volatility.

Al-Qaida's Structure

The past and present leaders of al-Qaida, as of December 2012. Osama bin Laden (L) sits with his then adviser Ayman al-Zawahri (and now leader) of al-Qaida post-bin Laden.

Al-Qaida's structure seems to have undergone quite the transformation after bin Laden's death. The inflexibility of the hierarchy might even have been seen in the succession process; Ayman al-Zawahri was dubbed bin Laden's successor, which wasn't a surprise. But it took almost six weeks for al-Qaida to declare him the new leader. This could be because there was a very strict policy about getting all al-Qaida leadership to declare him emir. In fact, al-Qaida's 20-30 person leadership is so scattered that even a shoo-in like al-Zawahri may have had to wait awhile for the nod because communication is so difficult between the cells [source: Crilly].

Whereas before his death bin Laden seemed to be where the buck stopped in al-Qaida, there is now a "dune organization." That means a roaming group of networks that -- while still dedicated to installing Sharia law in Muslim countries -- have disparate, local, short-term goals [source: Wiseman].

But what does al-Qaida structure actually look like? Pretty insular, actually. According to a June 2012 story in the Toronto Standard by counterterrorism analyst Jason Wiseman, it follows this pattern:

It is currently believed that al-Qaeda operates as follows: a single trainer recruits others to form a cell; the trainer will then continue to travel and set up 3-5 autonomous cells in different locations. Only the trainer knows about the other cells and its members. Once these cells have been formed, the trainer will engage in an attack, often a suicide operation, erasing the link between the cells. As a result of this operational structure, attacks can be carried out by both al-Qaeda and its local affiliates in loosely defined intervals of time, achieving specific outcomes despite differing modus operandi and without rigid coordination.

So while the organization has changed, it's still a functioning entity that can create -- or support existing -- local networks.

Al-Qaida As It Stands

Al-Qaida and the Taliban have long used profits from Afghanistan's poppy harvests to finance their political and military aims.

Now that we've discussed the origins of al-Qaida, along with the current structure and leadership, what is the present threat like?

There's good news and bad news. The good news is that because of the upheaval in hierarchy and organizational style, al-Qaida isn't as much of a threat to plan, create and pull off a 9/11-type attack . The leadership just isn't there, nor is the country that can provide a safe base of operation.

But that doesn't mean that al-Qaida is no longer a global menace. The organization is operational in some 60 countries, each of which could have the potential to create a haven for a larger movement [source: Wiseman]. And it's not like al-Qaida is just setting off sparklers in local areas. The group is bent on attacks that are designed to kill a lot of people and create enormous fear in the general public.

It also doesn't mean that the U.S. or the West is safe. Al-Qaida is still extremely dedicated to its larger, international mission to destroy Western influence. Their targets, while not in the U.S. or Europe, might be allied with them -- consulates or embassies, say. Keep in mind, too, that it's extremely difficult to thwart a small, insular operation conducted by a limited cell.

And it's not just terror operations that make al-Qaida a menace. Its financing is largely derived from illegal activities, and -- like its networks -- it seems to be a self-sustaining model for each cell. That means that local activities appear to fuel each network, like the opium and heroin trade in Afghanistan and kidnapping ransoms in North Africa. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency even found that al-Qaida was working with drug trafficking groups in South America [source: Ehrenfeld]. Donors in Saudi Arabia, bin Laden's home turf, also provide an enormous amount of funding to al-Qaida and affiliates.

Want to know more about al-Qaida and its most recent iteration? Read on for lots more information.

Lots More Information

Author's Note: How Al-Qaida 3.0 Works

It's rare that I fear the government knocking on my door when I write a article (although who doesn't want to know how to install a window in their home ?), but this one had me pretty convinced I would have to cough up a search history for some G-men. It didn't happen (yet), but not because al-Qaida 3.0 is no longer a threat. If anything, I found from my research that ignoring the smaller cells could do the rest of the world a grave harm in the long run.

Related Articles

  • How Terrorism Works
  • Timeline of the September 11 Attacks
  • How Suicide Bombers Work
  • How IEDs Work
  • How War Dogs Work

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