La seguente linea guida descrive i vari cambiamenti e le tappe dello sviluppo fisico, cognitivo, emotivo e sociale che ci si può aspettare durante il primo anno di vita.
È della massima importanza ricordare che la sequenza temporale è approssimativa, non assoluta. Ogni bambino si sviluppa al proprio ritmo e alcune fasi possono verificarsi prima o dopo.
Pietre miliari dello sviluppo dalla nascita a 1 mese
C'è una crescita significativa durante il primo mese di vita. In questo momento, i movimenti riflessivi dominano e i bambini hanno poca o nessuna attività fisica intenzionale.
Crescita
- Il peso diminuisce del 10% subito dopo la nascita e torna al peso alla nascita entro 2 settimane di età
- Guadagno 1 oz/giorno; 2 libbre/mese
- La lunghezza aumenta di 3,5 cm/mese
Movimento e attività
- La testa si abbassa senza supporto
- Arti flessi
- Movimento senza scopo
- Afferra gli oggetti posti nelle mani
- Aspira oggetti posti in bocca
- Dorme circa 16 ore al giorno
Sensoriale
- Miope; può vedere oggetti chiaramente a 8-12 pollici dal viso
- Sguardo fisso; non può seguire gli oggetti (come gli occhi di una bambola)
Sociale
- L'udito è preferibile alla voce femminile
- Facilmente spaventato
Contenuti
- Pietre miliari dello sviluppo da 1 a 2 mesi
- Pietre miliari dello sviluppo da 2 a 3 mesi
- Pietre miliari dello sviluppo da 4 a 5 mesi
- Pietre miliari dello sviluppo da 6 a 8 mesi
- Pietre miliari dello sviluppo da 9 a 10 mesi
- Pietre miliari dello sviluppo da 11 a 12 mesi
Pietre miliari dello sviluppo da 1 a 2 mesi
Crescita
- Aumento di peso di 20 g/giorno (1,5 libbre/mese).
- Aumento della lunghezza di 2 cm/mese
Movimento e attività
- Movimenti più deliberati
- Arti più estesi
- Può sollevare temporaneamente la testa quando si è sdraiati a pancia in giù
- Qualche ritardo nell'alzare la testa quando viene tirato in posizione seduta da sdraiato sulla schiena
- Mani serrate a pugno per la maggior parte del tempo
Sensoriale
- Segue l'oggetto in movimento con gli occhi
Sociale
- Sorride involontariamente
- Risponde ai suoni
Comunicazione
- Rumori di gola, gorgoglii
Pietre miliari dello sviluppo da 2 a 3 mesi
2 MESI DI ETÀ
Crescita
- Il tasso di crescita è ancora significativo, ma non così rapido come nei primi 2 mesi
- Posterior fontanelle ("soft spot") closes
Movement and Activity
- Lifts head (45°) for a sustained time when lying on stomach
- Continued lag on raising head when pulled to sitting position from lying on back
- Hands fisted half of the time
- Will follow objects, consciously turn head 180°
Social
- Smiles voluntarily ("social smile") in response to appropriate stimuli (familiar faces or voices)
- Recognizes facial expressions
Communication
- Cries approximately 3 hours/day
- Coos, makes single-syllable sounds
3 MONTHS OLD
Growth
- Gains 1¼ lbs/month
- Length inc. 2 cm/month
Movement and Activity
- Minimal delay on raising head when pulled to sitting position from lying on back (bobbing)
- Will reach for objects but misses while lying on back; waves at objects
- Lifts head and chest when lying on stomach; rests on arms
- Rolls side-to-side
- Hands mostly unfisted
- Small circular limb movements
- Sleeping approximately 14 hours/day, with 9-10 occurring at night
Sensory
- Explores own body
Cognitive
- Will look at area where an object used to be (no sense of object permanency)
Social/Emotional
- Increased eye contact
- Listens to music
- Appropriate facial expressions in response to emotions (anger, fear, joy)
- Mimics others' facial expressions
- Increased awareness/interest in surroundings
- Distracted during nursing
- Shows different emotions (anger, fear, joy)
Communication
- Varied types of crying
- Says "ahh"
4 to 5 Month Developmental Milestones
4 MONTHS OLD
Growth
- Gains 1 lb/month
Movement and Activity
- No head lag when pulled to sitting position from lying on back
- Reaches and grasps objects, brings to them to mouth while lying on back
- Holds objects indefinitely
- Stands when held
- Plays with hands and feet
Social/Emotional
- Shows displeasure at withdrawal of social contact
- Excited at the sight of food
Communication
- Remains silent while others speak, then vocalizes
5 MONTHS OLD
Movement and Activity
- Transfers object from hand to mouth to opposite hand
- Begins to teethe
Social/Emotional
- Plays with mirror image
Communication
- Imitates speaker
- Sing-song quality to voice
- Makes raspberry sound
6 to 8 Month Developmental Milestones
6 MONTHS OLD
Growth
- 1 lb/month
- 1.5 cm/month
- Lower central incisors erupt
Movement and Activity
- Drinks from a cup with help
- Holds own bottle
- Moves objects hand-to-hand directly
- Rolls over
- Sits briefly, leans forward, supports self with arms
Social/Emotional
- Discriminates between parents and strangers ("stranger anxiety")
- Copies facial expressions
Communication
- Babbles
7 MONTHS OLD
Growth
- Upper central incisors erupt
- Lower lateral incisors erupt
Movement and Activity
- Sits unsupported, pivots while sitting
- Pivots and crawls while lying on stomach
- Lifts head indefinitely while lying on back
- May stand, bounce
- Reaches out, grasps object with palm
- Bangs, shakes objects
- Puts feet in mouth
Social/Emotional
- Prefers mother
- Anxious when away from mother (Separation Anxiety)
- Pats mirror image
Communication
- Responds to changes in social contact/context
8 MONTHS OLD
Growth
- Upper lateral incisors erupt
Movement and Activity
- Crawls easily on stomach
- Pulls self to stand using furniture
- Feeds self with hands
- Will take 2 objects and hold 1 in each hand
Sensory
- Vision close to fully-developed
Cognitive
- Begins to understand objects' uses (drink from a cup, brush hair with a brush)
- Realizes size differences between objects
Social/Emotional
- Performs "tricks"
- No longer automatically accepts feedings, will turn spoon away
Communication
- Multisyllabic babbling
9 to 10 Month Developmental Milestones
9 MONTHS OLD
Growth
- Gains 12g/day, 13oz/month
- Length inc. 1.2 cm/month
Movement and Activity
- Grasps object between thumb and forefinger ("pincer grasp")
Cognitive
- Will search for an object when it is taken away, understands that it exists even though it can no longer be seen ("object constancy")
Communication
- Single syllable "words" ("ma", "da")
- Understands "no"
- Inflection with babbling
10 MONTHS OLD
Growth
- First molars erupt
Movement and Activity
- Sits up alone and indefinitely
- Crawls on hands and knees
- Crawls up stairs
- Walks while holding on to furniture (cruising)
- Walks with two hands held
Cognitive
- Understands simple phrases
- Follows simple directions
- Associates "mama" with mother and "dada" with father
- Can find objects by name when asked
Social/Emotional
- Waves
- Plays "peek-a-boo"
- Tests autonomy (crawls away from mother and checks for her reaction)
Communication
- First "real" words ("mama", "baba")
- Conversational babbling
11 to 12 Month Developmental Milestones
11 MONTHS OLD
Movement and Activity
- Stands alone and unsupported
- Walks with one hand held
- Drink from cup without help
Social/Emotional
- Plays alongside others, but not with others (parallel play)
Communication
- Uses words meaningfully
12 MONTHS OLD
Growth
- Weight has tripled since birth
- Length has doubled since birth
Movement and Activity
- First steps
- Feeds self with a spoon
- Transfer object from self to other with pincer
- Attempts to stack two blocks
- Helps with dressing by adjusting posture
Social/Emotional
- Identifies self in mirror
- Attempts simple conversations
