10 architectes innovants à surveiller

Je ne suis pas un étudiant en architecture , mais je peux certainement apprécier un beau bâtiment bien conçu. La plupart de ceux que j'utilise régulièrement sont plutôt utilitaires. La maison dans laquelle je vis, par exemple, est un duplex des années 1970 (un style qui, soit dit en passant, est souvent attribué au célèbre architecte Frank Lloyd Wright) et a son propre charme, mais ce n'est pas quelque chose qui ferait tourner les têtes car il y en a plein autour.

L'architecture peut être une forme d'art, mais elle présente également des défis particuliers car le résultat doit être fonctionnel et attrayant. Bien que chaque bâtiment présente certaines des mêmes caractéristiques, les architectes trouvent constamment des moyens uniques et inhabituels d'y apporter leur propre touche. Des architectes innovants conçoivent avec une compréhension de l'environnement et de la meilleure façon de découper notre espace en son sein, tout en créant des espaces saisissants et fonctionnels. Dans notre liste de 10 architectes innovants à surveiller (en aucun cas un top 10 car il n'y a aucun moyen de comparer), vous ne verrez peut-être pas encore de noms que vous reconnaissez. Mais cela ne rend pas leurs réalisations moins impressionnantes.

1. Lance O'Donnell
2. Alexandre Aravena
3. Lola Shepard
4. Junya Ishigami
5. James Ramsay
6. Philippe Rahm
7. Jeanne Gang
8. Robin Lee
9. Annabelle Selldorf
10. Studio Barozzi Veiga

Originaire de Palm Springs, en Californie, Lance O'Donnell s'est inspiré de son environnement désertique accidenté, ainsi que de l'architecture progressiste et de l'ambiance communautaire de la ville. O'Donnell s'est appuyé sur le travail d'architectes étonnants comme Don Wexler (qui a dirigé le mouvement moderniste au milieu du siècle) et a fini par collaborer avec Wexler pendant plusieurs années. Le style d'O'Donnell est moderne, mais intègre également un sens de la responsabilité environnementale en matière de durabilité.

Sa propre maison familiale est révélatrice de son style - avec des lignes épurées, des espaces ouverts et un extérieur qui lui permet de se fondre dans les collines environnantes. Il est également éligible à la certification LEED platine . O'Donnell s'est concentré sur la conservation de l'énergie , en incorporant des systèmes de refroidissement et de chauffage passifs. Par exemple, il a orienté la maison et ses fenêtres pour réduire l'utilisation de la climatisation en été, tout en lui apportant beaucoup de lumière et en retenant la chaleur en hiver. Il incorpore du béton, du métal, du verre et du bois. O'Donnell a également remodelé de nombreuses maisons pour les rendre plus écologiques et modernes.

L'architecte chilien Alejandro Aravena est devenu internationalement connu pour avoir suivi deux voies de conception très distinctes : les logements sociaux ainsi que les maisons et les espaces publics de haut niveau. Il a non seulement son propre cabinet d'architectes, mais il est également le directeur exécutif d'Elemental, une entreprise qui travaille sur des projets comme le logement et les infrastructures. C'est une entreprise à but lucratif, mais qui a une conscience sociale et travaille avec l'Universidad Catolica de Chile et la COPEC (Chilean Oil Company). Aravena est également professeur à l'université.

L'un de ses premiers projets de maison s'appelait également Elemental - conçu pour 100 familles dans le désert chilien avec un budget de seulement 7 500 dollars par famille (terrain compris). Les maisons en rangée ont un aspect et une sensation modulaires, tout en étant construites pour résister aux intempéries et se fondre dans l'environnement. Aravena a également conçu des installations éducatives, notamment des dortoirs et des réfectoires pour l'Université St. Edward's au Texas.

Parfois, un dortoir n'est (pas) juste un dortoir

Sur son site Web, Aravena déclare qu '"un dortoir est comme un monastère; il s'agit de savoir comment organiser une collection de petites cellules répétitives et comment les relier à des pièces spéciales plus grandes [...] nourrissant le corps et l'âme" [source : Alejandro Aravena ].

En avril 2012, l'architecte canadienne Lola Sheppard a reçu le Prix des jeunes architectes de l'Institut royal d'architecture du Canada. Il y a neuf ans, elle a cofondé une pratique de conception expérimentale basée à Toronto qui a pour mission de « concevoir comme véhicule de recherche pour poser et répondre à des questions complexes et urgentes dans l'environnement bâti » [source : The Architectural League ]. Depuis lors, elle a non seulement poursuivi cette mission avec le cabinet, mais a également enseigné, donné des conférences et consulté dans plusieurs universités différentes en Europe et en Amérique du Nord.

Sheppard goes beyond traditional architecture ; she's also concerned with infrastructure. One of her projects, called "Next North," involves building within the culture and the environment in the Canadian North. She also works on finding better ways to use spaces like parking lots and unused areas, or "orphan spaces." A dock in Memphis became a terraced park-like area inspired by the city's musical heritage, while a community in Toronto became the testing ground for a concept inspired by slips at a marina. Crosswalks and tiny parks were blended to create pedestrian areas with multiple uses.

Junya Ishigami, a Japanese architect, got his start with the firm SANAA, a groundbreaking and award-winning group of architects, before striking out on his own in 2004. It didn't take long for Ishigami to begin making headlines of his own. Wallpaper Magazine called him "one of the most controversial architects to come out Japan -- or anywhere." Why is he so controversial? Ishigami does a remarkable job of blurring the line between architecture and art, becoming famous first for installations like "Balloon," a huge aluminum structure filled with helium that was part of an art exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Tokyo.

His experimental architecture isn't just limited to exhibitions, however. In 2007, he designed a glass building for the Kanagawa Institute of Technology. The walls are entirely glass from corner to corner, supported by steel pillars throughout the inside, with a simple flat roof. The pillars help define the space and create natural groupings to display art projects. Ishigami also designed a clothing boutique in New York City that was pie-shaped with huge windows. He does not draw a distinction between projects like these buildings and the installation called "Architecture As Air" that exhibited at the Serpentine Gallery at Kensington Gardens in London. A curved line of 53 carbon-fiber columns appear to be suspended in air, but are actually held up by transparent beams.

James Ramsey has a slightly different background than many young architects. Yes, he has a degree in architecture (from Yale). He went to Europe to study design (in his case, cathedrals). But then he spent time working at NASA as a satellite engineer, as part of the team responsible for designing satellites like the Cassini. Ramsey went back to architectural design and taught before founding his own firm, Ramsey Architecture and Design (RAAD), in 2004.

Most of Ramsey's designs are homes. There's the Shore House, situated on the water and looking like it belongs there as much as the boardwalks and docks in the area, with its weathered wooden piles and boxy, open structure. He's also designed several lofts and apartments in older buildings, in areas like Soho and Chelsea. These contrast exposed brick with sleek modernist touches and white space. But it was Ramsey's unusual "LowLine" project that garnered him lots of attention. There's a very popular elevated park on the West Side of Manhattan called the High Line that was once an abandoned railroad trestle. Ramsey and partner Dan Barasch have proposed a similar park in an underground former trolley terminal, using skylights and fiber optics to channel enough natural light to grow plants. Known officially as the Delancey Underground, it's still in the planning stages as of this writing.

Swiss architect Philippe Rahm is based in Paris, France, and is also a visiting lecturer at Princeton University's School of Architecture. He has received numerous awards and honors around the world for his distinctive brand of architecture -- often described as meteorological architecture -- and has designed everything from private homes to office buildings

In 2008, he designed apartments for the IBA (Internationale Bauausstellung, or International Building Exhibition) in Hamburg, Germany. They weren't just any apartments, though. They were convective apartments; as in, efficient in transferring heat using air currents. Not only are they oriented and built to route warmer air inside during the winter and cooler air inside during the summer, the apartments also have thermal zones within. Do we need every room to be the same temperature? For example, the warmest room inside is the bathroom at 71.6 degrees Fahrenheit (22 degrees Celsius), with the kitchen in the middle at 66 degrees F (19 degrees C) and the laundry room the coldest at 59 F (15 C).

Meteorological Architecture in a Nutshell

"At the large scale, meteorological architecture explores the atmospheric and poetic potential of new construction techniques for ventilation, heating, dual-flow air renewal and insulation. At the microscopic level, it plumbs novel domains of perception through skin contact, smell and hormones [source: Philippe Rahm].

In 2011, Jeanne Gang was chosen as a MacArthur Fellow -- also known as a "Genius Grant" -- which is given to individuals in various fields who show special creative potential and promise. Just a few years before, she was an American Institute of Architects fellow. Although she worked in several different cities, ultimately Gang settled in Chicago, where she saw a lot of potential for her architecture . While the field tends to be dominated by men, but Gang is distinctive among all architects for designing buildings that make a major impact on the landscape .

In 2010, a residential skyscraper designed by Gang opened in Chicago. At 86 stories tall, Aqua is the tallest building to be designed by a female architect and the biggest project to be led by one. Aqua has a sort of rolling quality due to its irregular, curved balconies, which just as much as 12 feet out from the building in some places. Gang stated that they were inspired in part by the limestone outcroppings in the Great Lakes Area. Gang also kept sustainability in mind. The balconies help shade the building, and there's energy-efficient lighting and a rainwater collection system.

Until early 2011, Robin Lee was half of the architectural firm NORD (Northern Office for Research and Design) based in Glasgow, Scotland. Now he runs his own firm under the name Robin Lee Architecture operating out of both London and Dublin. Lee has degrees in both architecture and sculpture, which gave him a different take on working with materials within their means. Thanks to CAD (computer-aided design), architects can basically create any form that they want. But in a December 2011 interview with Architectural Record, Lee stated that he wants "to develop a position in terms of form that has rigor to it."

Lee showcased that philosophy with his most recent project, completed by his new firm -- the Wexford County Council Headquarters in Ireland. The building was constructed of stone and glass, but used in a different way than you'd expect. The stone building is wrapped in an envelope of glass panels, separated by aluminum mullions, or dividers. It gives the building a unique look, but the glass is also insulating, keeping it cool in the summer and warm in the winter. The interior has a light and airy feel with wood, glass and walls and floors of Irish blue limestone.

It might be surprising to hear that an architect jumped at the chance to design the recycling facility of a major city -- it doesn't sound very glamorous. But Annabelle Selldorf, who typically designs art galleries, homes and stores, liked the challenge. The result was an attractive facility with green space, solar panels, and a wind turbine that helps supply it with energy. There's also a visitor center that draws people to learn more about recycling.

Selldorf's previous work has been described as "an intriguing combination of discipline and seduction, authority mixed with charm, equal parts modesty and authorship" [source: Wall Street Journal]. While the German-born architect (based in New York) describes herself as a Modernist, she doesn't always stick to its minimalist esthetic. Yes, there are the big, white open spaces and the exposed elements like concrete and wood, but there are also flashes of color and nods to history. She designed a townhouse in the East Village, for example, that is mostly white but has colored panels here and there for maximum impact. Selldorf is also innovative in the technological sense; she designed an apartment building in New York at 200 Eleventh Avenue that has a separate elevator for your car.

Estudio Barozzi Veiga, or EBV, isn't a person -- it's a partnership. Fabrizio Barozzi and Alberto Veiga founded their firm in 2004. Barozzi is an Italian native, and Veiga is Spanish. They're both currently professors at the International University of Cataluña (UIC) in Spain. When you visit their Web site and look at the images of their projects, you'll be struck by the fact that most of the photos are black and white. That's a conscious decision on the part of Veiga and Barozzi -- form and shape are the most important factors to them.

In 2011, EBV's design was chosen to replace the building for the museum of fine arts in Lausanne, Switzerland, known as the Musee Cantonale des Beaux-Arts. For this particular project, they state that "the relationship defined between the buildings and the public space is more important than the buildings themselves" while also "maintaining an emotional and symbolic relation with the past." It runs parallel to the railroad tracks, defining the space and creating a public area. In contrast to its monolithic, stark exterior, the museum incorporates two different elements of the original 1911 building -- the facade of its central nave as well as an exterior door.

Author's Note: 10 Innovative Architects to Watch

Like I mentioned at the beginning, architecture is not in my background, nor is it a particular interest of mine. But when looking at the work of some of today's most innovative architects, I can still be blown away by their creativity. I always figured that architecture, no matter how beautiful, ultimately has to be functional. But architects like Junya Ishigami made me question what "functional" really means. Does it mean "habitable"? I'm not sure anymore, but I do know it strengthens my belief that architecture can certainly be art.

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