
Avec le coût de la consommation d'énergie qui augmente à la fois en termes de dollars et d'impact sur l'environnement, et avec l'augmentation record de la population mondiale, de nombreux constructeurs intègrent des méthodes de construction vertes pour relever ces défis.
En bref, la construction verte utilise un éventail de pratiques de conception et de construction consciencieuses pour améliorer l'efficacité énergétique d'un bâtiment tout en atténuant ses impacts environnementaux et écologiques. Des systèmes d'évaluation tels que Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) , une certification développée par le US Green Building Council en 2000, évaluent la solidité écologique de la sélection des matériaux, la consommation d'eau et d'énergie, la qualité de l'environnement intérieur et d'autres facteurs. Le système LEED a des homologues dans d'autres pays, dont le Canada et le Brésil, et de nombreux pays en développement et industrialisés ont des agences locales pour promouvoir des pratiques de construction respectueuses de l'environnement.
Quelles sont les meilleures villes pour la construction verte ? Certains sont les porte-étendards de longue date de la construction durable auxquels vous pourriez vous attendre, tandis que d'autres peuvent sembler être des candidats improbables sur les marchés émergents du monde entier. Mais pour commencer, allons à la maison du plus ancien bâtiment certifié LEED existant.
- Washington DC
- Quartier des affaires internationales de Songdo, Corée du Sud
- Los Angeles, Californie.
- Vancouver, Canada
- Rio de Janeiro, Brésil
- Copenhague, Danemark
- Chicago, Illinois.
- Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, Émirats arabes unis
- San Francisco, Californie.
- Chine
10: Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., the home of many of the federal agencies that oversee green building initiatives in the United States, is also home to a remarkable amount of green construction. From 2003 to 2009, Washington, D.C., and the surrounding region added 23 million square feet (2,136,730 square meters) of LEED-certified space, according to the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments [source: Aratani]. In 2006, the District of Columbia passed the Green Building Act, a law requiring, among other things, LEED certification for new public buildings.
Selon les rapports de 2012 du US Green Building Council, Washington, DC, avait le deuxième plus grand nombre de projets LEED dans le pays avec 884 [source : USGBC]. Il y a aussi 31,5 pieds carrés (2,9 mètres carrés) d'espace certifié LEED par résident - plus que tout autre État, et plus de 10 fois plus que le deuxième Colorado [source : USGBC]. La ville revendique également un superlatif de construction verte : le siège du département du Trésor, vieux de 143 ans, est le plus ancien bâtiment certifié LEED au monde [source : O'Keefe].
9 : Quartier des affaires internationales de Songdo, Corée du Sud

En 2009, le gouvernement sud-coréen a annoncé un plan visant à construire un million de maisons vertes et à améliorer l'efficacité énergétique d'un million d'autres, ainsi que de nombreux autres projets de construction durables [source : Watts]. Deux ans plus tard, le gouvernement a annoncé la construction d'un parc éolien offshore de 9 milliards de dollars [source : Bloomberg Businessweek]. Mais peut-être que le plus gros projet était en cours depuis 2001.
Le quartier des affaires international de Songdo est une ville riveraine de 1 500 acres située à 64,4 kilomètres à l'extérieur de la capitale du pays, Séoul. La ville est une zone économique franche désignée où les entreprises peuvent opérer sans les charges fiscales qui existent ailleurs dans le pays [source : Cortese]. Le développement de 35 milliards de dollars comprend plusieurs quartiers adaptés aux piétons composés d'immeubles de bureaux, de maisons et de magasins de détail, qui adhèrent tous à LEED normes. La ville fait également partie du programme pilote LEED pour le développement des quartiers, qui évalue la connectivité et la durabilité de la conception des quartiers. En 2008, le plan directeur de la ville a obtenu un prix des villes durables. (Cependant, alors que 40 % de la ville est réservée aux parcs et aux espaces verts, les critiques soulignent que le site a été construit sur des zones humides qui abritaient plusieurs espèces d'oiseaux migrateurs et d'autres animaux sauvages [source : Ko. Schubert, Hester] .) La première phase de Songdo a officiellement ouvert ses portes en août 2009 et la construction devrait s'achever en 2018 au plus tôt [source : Strickland].
8 : Los Angeles, Californie.
Alors que l'aménagement de la métropole du sud de la Californie est synonyme d'« étalement », de récentes réglementations ont rendu Los Angeles mûre pour la construction écologique.
In 2009, the city unveiled the Green Building Retrofit Ordinance, a law requiring city-owned buildings built before 1978 or larger than 7,500 square feet (696.8 square meters) to be refurbished with environmentally friendly materials [source: Database for State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency]. In 2010, the state government adopted agreen building code requiring new homes and commercial and public buildings to cut water consumption by 20 percent over the previous code. Builders also had to begin using low-polluting construction materials and discarding half of construction waste in areas other than landfills [source:Roosevelt].
Selon une enquête de 2010 de l'Environmental Protection Agency, Los Angeles abritait 510 bâtiments certifiés Energy Star pour un total de 106,1 millions de pieds carrés (9 857 013 mètres carrés) - plus que toute autre ville du pays [source : Catacchio].
7 : Vancouver, Canada

En 2009, le maire de Vancouver, Gregor Robertson, a réuni une équipe d'action verte et l'a chargée d'établir des normes pour faire de la ville la plus verte du monde d'ici 2020. Parmi ses objectifs, l'équipe cherchait à s'assurer que toutes les nouvelles constructions de bâtiments seraient neutres en carbone, et que tous les bâtiments existants augmenteraient leur efficacité de 20 % [source : Ville de Vancouver]. Aujourd'hui, la ville utilise un code du bâtiment qui exige que tous les nouveaux bâtiments municipaux de plus de 500 mètres carrés (5 382 pieds carrés) soient conformes à LEED Normes d'or et intègrent une conception passive, une approche qui tire parti des mouvements naturels de l'air et de la lumière pour fournir de l'énergie. Lors des Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2010, le monde a eu un aperçu de la vision de la ville : un village olympique certifié LEED Platine qui abritait des athlètes, qui tirait 90 % de l'électricité pour les jeux de l'énergie hydroélectrique [source : Murphy].
La quête de Vancouver pour l'excellence durable peut être vue dans plusieurs bâtiments partout dans la ville. Le Net Zero Building est le premier immeuble résidentiel à logements multiples au Canada qui consomme et crée une quantité équivalente d'énergie. National Yards -- la base des équipes d'ingénieurs de la ville -- est le premier bâtiment certifié LEED Or au Canada [source : Ville de Vancouver].
6 : Rio de Janeiro, Brésil
Le Brésil est actuellement classé quatrième au monde pour les projets de construction LEED , avec 37 bâtiments déjà certifiés et 336 en cours de certification [source : Green Building Council Brazil]. Et avec Rio de Janeiro qui devrait accueillir à la fois la Coupe du monde de football de 2014 et les Jeux olympiques d'été de 2016, la métropole côtière peut s'attendre à voir un déluge de constructions vertes au cours des prochaines années.
In accordance with the International Olympic Committee requirement that venues used for the games meet international standards for carbon emissions and energy efficiency, all 34 of the competition venues will incorporate green features. Although there are no requirements for soccer stadiums built for the World Cup games, according to Green Building Council Brasil, nine of the 12 stadiums being erected throughout the country for 2014 are undergoing the LEED certification process [source: Green Building Council Brazil].
5: Copenhagen, Denmark

Copenhagen is already home to large tracts of open space, as well as 242.3 miles (390 kilometers) of bike lanes, which one in three residents uses to commute to work or school every day [source: City of Copenhagen]. With 60,000 residents expected to join the population by 2025 and designs on becoming the world's first carbon-neutral city by the same year, the Danish capital, which was among the first municipalities to offer incentives for environmentally friendly practices, continues to be home to key advances ingreen construction [source:City of Copenhagen].
The country's building regulations state that by 2020, buildings' energy consumption must be less than 30.7 kilowatts per square meter per year [source: Danish Architecture Centre]. In 2010, city officials mandated that all new and old rooftops angled under 30 degrees must be green -- meaning that they are literally covered with vegetation to absorb rainwater and cool the building, among other benefits [source:Nusca]. One of the most intriguing projects is expected to open in 2016: a new municipal waste incinerator that will generate energy to power tens of thousands of neighboring homes and feature a ski slope running along its exterior [source:Witkin].
4: Chicago, Ill.
Under former Mayor Richard Daley, Chicago launched several green building initiatives in the early 2000s. In 2002, the city constructed the Chicago Center for Green Technology, the first rehabilitated municipal building to receive an LEED Platinum rating, and a resource for those curious about green building [source: Chicago Center for Green Technology]. Soon after, Chicago began requiringLEED certification for all city buildings, and any building projects receiving financial or zoning assistance from the city had to incorporate green features. Its Green Permit Program also awards projects that incorporate certain sustainable features with a faster permitting process and reduced permitting costs [source:City of Chicago].
As of 2012, the U.S. Green Building Council counts 794 registered or certified LEED projects in Chicago, the third most in the nation [source: USGBC]. The city possesses more than 4 million square feet (371,612 square meters) of green rooftops, which absorb rainwater and help regulate building temperatures [source:Richardson]. The Willis Tower -- the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere (formerly known as the Sears Tower) -- began undergoing a retrofitting in 2009 to cut its energy consumption by 80 percent, derive power from solar panels and wind turbines, and incorporate other sustainable features [source:Stern].
3: Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Positioned about 17 kilometers away from the United Arab Emirates capital of Abu Dhabi, Masdar City bills itself as ''one of the most sustainable communities on the planet' [source: Masdar City].' The $19 billion city, a project of the government-owned Mubdala Development Company that was first conceived in 2006, functions as a testing ground for sustainable technologies and innovations.
So far, six buildings in Masdar City are operational: the campus of the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology (a relative of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology), apartments for its student body and instructors, and a smattering of commercial businesses all tied to an intelligent energy grid that monitors energy and water to help meet strict consumption limits. Architectural designs in Masdar draw on passive building designs to reduce energy needs, and the city draws much of its power from a 10-megawatt photovoltaic array on the outskirts of the city. Traditional cars are barred from entering the city, and residents travel either on foot or in a fleet of electric vehicles. A 147-foot-tall (44.6-meter) tower diverts winds to provide residents with a cooling breeze, and its LED display changes color to indicate whether apartment dwellers are adhering to the city's energy consumption standards.
The city has seen several setbacks, including delayed construction deadlines and low effectiveness from the photovoltaic system [source: Vidal]. Construction is planned for completion in 2025, allowing the city to house approximately 40,000 residents and 50,000 commuters [source:Masdar City].
2: San Francisco, Calif.
It's no surprise that San Francisco made the list. The city's 2008 green building code predates the state's CALGreen building laws by two years, and its requirements are even stricter [source: SFDBI]. San Francisco requires all municipal buildings, as well as renovations over 5,000 square feet (464.5 square meters), to receive LEED Silver certification, provides faster permit review for building projects intended to reach higher levels of LEED certification, and bans toxic construction materials and certain types of wood in municipal projects [source:SF Planning Department,SFEnvironment]. As of 2012, the city has 522 LEED projects and at least 248 Energy Star-certified buildings within its geographic limits [source:USGBC,Catacchio]. San Francisco also ranked first out of 30 green building markets in the United States in the 2011 Green Building Opportunity Index [source:Better Bricks].
1: China

In China, the potential impact of green construction is not limited to a single city. For the last two decades, rural residents have migrated to urban centers by the millions. According to BBC, China's cities should house roughly a billion urbanites by 2025 [source: Campanella]. Constructing homes and facilities to accommodate these massive populations is big business here: Each year, roughly half of the world's new buildings are fabricated in China [source:Larson]. Meanwhile, despite consuming less energy per person than North American counterparts, the country's sheer population makes it the biggest emitter of greenhouse gases on the planet [source:Bradsher].
China spends more money than any other country on green energy projects [source: Melik]. The government has launched a few initiatives to promote green building, including subsidies to purchase energy-efficient materials [source:Liu]. While the accuracy of the statistic is questionable, Chinese officials say that more than 95 percent of new buildings constructed in urban areas comply with the country's energy efficiency standards [source:Liu]. But the energy efficiency benefits of green building might be the only viable way to deal with its burgeoning urban population: More than a quarter of the country's energy consumption is linked to its buildings, a figure that is expected to increase 70 percent by 2020 [source:Larson].
Lots More Information
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